High Performance, Low Sensitivity: Conflicting or Compatible?

Politzer, Peter; Murray, Jane S.

doi:10.1002/prep.201500349

Cited by 208 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(160 reference statements)

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“…While a large Q max is good from the standpoint of detonation performance, Equations 2 and 3, it has the problem of generally being associated with high sensitivity [38,[40][41][42][43]49], as was discussed earlier. Q max needs to be limited to a moderate value -which does not preclude having high detonation velocity and detonation pressure [38,49]!…”

Section: Discussion and Summarymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Thus, a large Q is not necessary, and from the standpoint of sensitivity should be avoided. High D and P can be obtained with a moderate Q; this has been demonstrated by a number of examples [38,49].…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…This larger Q has been labeled Q max [4,42]. It is Q max that is related to sensitivity [38,[40][41][42][43]49].…”

Section: Properties Governing Detonation Velocity and Detonation Presmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While increasing Q does improve detonation performance, as measured by D and P, it also tends to be accompanied by the very undesirable feature of increasing sensitivity − the vulnerability of the explosive to accidental detonation due to unintended stimuli, such as impact, shock, etc. There is an overall trend for larger heat release to be associated with greater sensitivity [38,[40][41][42][43]49]. Thus the price for better detonation performance has often been a more sensitive explosive [31,42,43,45,46].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To avoid high sensitivity, therefore, the detonation heat release needs to be restricted to a moderate level − which appears to contradict the whole concept of a high explosive! In reality, Copyright © 2017 Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Poland however, it does not [38,49]. Equations 2 and 3 show that the dependence of D and P upon Q is rather weak.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitro Groups vs. N-Oxide Linkages: Effects Upon Some Key Determinants of Detonation Performance

Politzer¹,

Murray²

2017

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Abstract:Increasing the nitrogen/carbon ratios in the molecular frameworks of C,H,N,O explosives has attracted considerable attention because it tends to result in more positive heats of formation and often greater densities. In conjunction with this, there has been a growing interest in N-oxide linkages,, as another source of oxygen in these compounds, in addition to or even possibly replacing NO2 groups. In this study, for a series of polyazines and polyazoles, we have compared the effects of introducing a single N-oxide linkage or NO2 group upon key properties that affect detonation velocity and detonation pressure. We found that: (1) The heats of formation per gram of compound, which is what is relevant for this purpose, are almost always higher for the N-oxides. (2) The nitro derivatives have greater densities and detonation heat releases. In relation to the latter, it must be kept in mind that increasing detonation heat release tends to be accompanied by increasing sensitivity. (3) The N-oxides produce more moles of gaseous detonation products per gram of compound.

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Section: Discussion and Summarymentioning

confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…This larger Q has been labeled Q max [4,42]. It is Q max that is related to sensitivity [38,[40][41][42][43]49].…”

Section: Properties Governing Detonation Velocity and Detonation Presmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitro Groups vs. N-Oxide Linkages: Effects Upon Some Key Determinants of Detonation Performance

Politzer¹,

Murray²

2017

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Nitrogen Catenation: Polyazoles and Polyazines

Politzer¹,

Murray²

2017

Patai's Chemistry of Functional Groups

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Polyazoles and polyazines are, respectively, five‐ and six‐membered nitrogen heterocycles. An interesting difference between their geometries is that it is possible in polyazoles (but not in polyazines) to distinguish between formal single and formal double bonds. Our particular focus in this chapter is on those polyazoles and polyazines that feature three or more linked nitrogens in their rings (nitrogen catenation). The presence of ring nitrogens is destabilizing, especially when they are linked. Several possible factors that may be responsible for this effect of catenation are discussed in detail, and it is emphasized that these factors are not mutually exclusive or independent of each other. The electrostatic potentials of the molecules of interest are analyzed and related to their relative stabilities. N‐oxide formation is one means of mitigating the destabilization caused by nitrogen catenation. The acidity/basicity of these polyazoles and polyazines is examined in terms of their electrostatic potentials and local ionization energies. Polyazoles and polyazines have been found to provide good molecular frameworks for energetic materials; this application is briefly mentioned.

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N‐Oxides of Polyazoles and Polyazines

Politzer

Murray

2019

Patai's Chemistry of Functional Groups

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The N‐oxide bond, which will be written as N→O, is formally coordinate covalent, with both electrons being provided by a covalently bonded nitrogen. A more realistic description is that the nitrogen lone pair is polarized toward the oxygen by the electric field of the latter. Our present focus is upon the N‐oxides of polyazoles and polyazines, particularly those having three or more linked (catenated) nitrogens. The N→O linkage is inductively electron withdrawing. In resonance delocalization, it is intrinsically a donor of electronic charge although this can be partially countered by electron‐donating substituents. A significant feature of the N→O linkage is that it can somewhat mitigate the destabilization associated with nitrogen catenation. This is discussed in terms of the molecular electrostatic potentials. N‐oxides of polyazoles and polyazines can be prepared by oxidizing the heterocyclic precursors; the sites can to some extent be predicted in terms of local ionization energies (or local polarizabilities), but other factors can also be involved. The current interest in N‐oxides as high explosives is briefly discussed.

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High Performance, Low Sensitivity: Conflicting or Compatible?

Cited by 208 publications

References 83 publications

Nitro Groups vs. N-Oxide Linkages: Effects Upon Some Key Determinants of Detonation Performance

Nitro Groups vs. N-Oxide Linkages: Effects Upon Some Key Determinants of Detonation Performance

Nitrogen Catenation: Polyazoles and Polyazines

N‐Oxides of Polyazoles and Polyazines

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