High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of epoxy resins

Fuchslueger, Ulf; Rißler, Klaus; Stephan, Holger; Grether, Hans-Joerg; Grasserbauer, M.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990516)72:7<913::aid-app7>3.0.co;2-9

“…The resolution of lower molecular weight distributions was demonstrated by Fuchslueger et al [ 111 ]. They characterized a commercially available BPA-based epoxy resins concerning its individual constituents and by-products by reverse-phase (RP) chromatography, employing an Ultremex C18-column (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) with an acetonitrile (ACN) gradient.…”

Section: Analytical Methods For Characterization Of Bio-degraded Epoxymentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Sustainable Recycling of Epoxy-Based Polymers: Approaches and Challenges of Epoxy Biodegradation

Klose,

Meyer-Heydecke,

Wongwattanarat

et al. 2023

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Epoxy resins are highly valued for their remarkable mechanical and chemical properties and are extensively used in various applications such as coatings, adhesives, and fiber-reinforced composites in lightweight construction. Composites are especially important for the development and implementation of sustainable technologies such as wind power, energy-efficient aircrafts, and electric cars. Despite their advantages, their non-biodegradability raises challenges for the recycling of polymer and composites in particular. Conventional methods employed for epoxy recycling are characterized by their high energy consumption and the utilization of toxic chemicals, rendering them rather unsustainable. Recent progress has been made in the field of plastic biodegradation, which is considered more sustainable than energy-intensive mechanical or thermal recycling methods. However, the current successful approaches in plastic biodegradation are predominantly focused on polyester-based polymers, leaving more recalcitrant plastics underrepresented in this area of research. Epoxy polymers, characterized by their strong cross-linking and predominantly ether-based backbone, exhibit a highly rigid and durable structure, placing them within this category. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to examine the various approaches that have been employed for the biodegradation of epoxy so far. Additionally, the paper sheds light on the analytical techniques utilized in the development of these recycling methods. Moreover, the review addresses the challenges and opportunities entailed in epoxy recycling through bio-based approaches.

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Plastics Testing

Furches¹

2004

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

1

0

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Plastics testing covers analytical, thermal, physical, and environmental procedures for determining the composition, structure, as well as mechanical and other responses to a variety of environmental conditions of plastic materials. General uses of Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman, and X‐ray techniques are reviewed and illustrated with specific examples. Developments in neutron and X‐ray scattering techniques, as well as molecular weight determination techniques such as gel‐permeation chromatography and turbidimetric methods, are also covered. Thermal tests, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis are all useful for understanding degradation and phase changes in polymers and their influence on material behavior. New techniques of atomic force microscopy and positron annihilation are allowing studies of the microstructure of polymers and free volume determinations. Several mechanical testing techniques are used in plastics for normal quality control testing and initial application screening of polymers. These tests and those used for more fundamental understanding of polymer response to stress, including fracture mechanics procedures, are referenced. Flammability tests commonly used for plastics include oxygen index, flammability ratings, and smoke generation. Work on the use of cone calorimeters to characterize behavior of plastics under fire conditions is also covered. Finally, environmental testing, chemical exposure, weathering, radiation, and biological agents are reviewed. Emphasis is given to test development or applications reported since 1990.

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Test Methods

Furches

¹

2002

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Plastics testing covers analytical, thermal, physical, and environmental procedures for determining the composition, structure, as well as mechanical and other responses to a variety of environmental conditions of plastic materials. General uses of Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman, and X‐ray techniques are reviewed and illustrated with specific examples. Developments in neutron and X‐ray scattering techniques, as well as molecular weight determination techniques such as gel‐permeation chromatography and turbidimetric methods, are also covered. Thermal tests, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis are all useful for understanding degradation and phase changes in polymers and their influence on material behavior. New techniques of atomic force microscopy and positron annihilation are allowing studies of the microstructure of polymers and free volume determinations. Several mechanical testing techniques are used in plastics for normal quality control testing and initial application screening of polymers. These tests and those used for more fundamental understanding of polymer response to stress, including fracture mechanics procedures, are referenced. Flammability tests commonly used for plastics include oxygen index, flammability ratings, and smoke generation. Work on the use of cone calorimeters to characterize behavior of plastics under fire conditions is also covered. Finally, environmental testing, chemical exposure, weathering, radiation, and biological agents are reviewed. Emphasis is given to test development or applications reported since 1990.

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High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of epoxy resins

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Towards Sustainable Recycling of Epoxy-Based Polymers: Approaches and Challenges of Epoxy Biodegradation

Towards Sustainable Recycling of Epoxy-Based Polymers: Approaches and Challenges of Epoxy Biodegradation

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