High-Performance Liquid Chromatography--Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Study of Ginkgolic Acid in the leaves and Fruits of the Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba)

He, Xiaoxiao; Bernart, Matthew W.; Nolan, Gary; Lin, Long-Ze; Lindenmaier, Michael

doi:10.1093/chromsci/38.4.169

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…GAs were the main components of GSEE with antimicrobial activity. Among its four types, namely C13:0, C15:0, C15:1 and C17:1, the most abundant in G. biloba extracts are C15:1 and C17:1 . The HPLC results confirmed the presence of GA C13:0, C15:1, C17:2, C15:0 and C17:1 corresponding to the order of the five peaks in Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of Ginkgo biloba seed exopleura extract and chitosan coating on the postharvest quality of ginkgo seed

Tian¹,

Chen²,

Fan³

et al. 2019

J Sci Food Agric

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Background The effects of Ginkgo biloba seed exopleura extract (GSEE) and chitosan (CH) coating on the preservation of ginkgo seeds were investigated. Results Results showed that CH could alleviate the decay rate, and that CH combined with GSEE (CH–GSEE) treatment further inhibited the development of seed decay due to the additional antifungal activity of GSEE. The nutrient contents, including water, starch and soluble protein, were maintained by both CH–GSEE and CH treatments. CH–GSEE treatment led to better restriction on oxidative stress by decreasing superoxide anion production rate, membrane permeability, malondialdehyde content, respiration rate and ethylene production rate. The antioxidant enzyme activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in ginkgo seeds were maintained by treatment with CH–GSEE at a higher level. These results were consistent with the enhanced visual appearance, qualities and storability of the CH–GSEE‐treated seeds. Principal component analysis provided a global view of the internal relations of the ginkgo seeds with different treatments. Conclusions The postharvest qualities of CH–GSEE‐treated seeds were better than those of other treatment groups. Therefore, CH–GSEE is an effective and alternative way for inhibiting decay, maintaining quality and extending the postharvest life of ginkgo seeds. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of Ginkgo biloba seed exopleura extract and chitosan coating on the postharvest quality of ginkgo seed

Tian¹,

Chen²,

Fan³

et al. 2019

J Sci Food Agric

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“…Fetal-derived Normal Human Astrocytes (NHA, Lonza) were maintained in Astrocyte Growth Medium (AGM, Lonza) supplemented with 0.3% FBS, 30 µl/mL ascorbic acid, 1 µl/mL rhEGF, 30 µg/mL gentamicin, 15 μg/mL amphotericin B, 2.5 µl/mL insulin, and 10 µl/mL L-glutamine. Early passages (1)(2)(3)(4) were used in these experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginkgolic acid inhibits fusion of enveloped viruses

Borenstein

Hanson

Markosyan

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Ginkgolic acids (GA) are alkylphenol constituents of the leaves and fruits of Ginkgo biloba. GA has shown pleiotropic effects in vitro, including: antitumor effects through inhibition of lipogenesis; decreased expression of invasion associated proteins through AMPK activation; and potential rescue of amyloid-β (Aβ) induced synaptic impairment. GA was also reported to have activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Several mechanisms for this activity have been suggested including: SUMOylation inhibition; blocking formation of the E1-SUMO intermediate; inhibition of fatty acid synthase; non-specific SIRT inhibition; and activation of protein phosphatase type-2C. Here we report that GA inhibits Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) by inhibition of both fusion and viral protein synthesis. Additionally, we report that GA inhibits human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome replication and Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of normal human astrocytes (NHA). We show a broad spectrum of fusion inhibition by GA of all three classes of fusion proteins including HIV, Ebola virus (EBOV), influenza A virus (IAV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV). In addition, we show inhibition of a non-enveloped adenovirus.Our experiments suggest that GA inhibits virion entry by blocking the initial fusion event. Data showing inhibition of HSV-1 and CMV replication, when GA is administered post-infection, suggest a possible secondary mechanism targeting protein and DNA synthesis. Thus, in light of the strong effect of GA on viral infection, even after the infection begins, it may potentially be used to treat acute infections (e.g. Coronavirus, EBOV, ZIKV, IAV and measles), and also topically for the successful treatment of active lesions (e.g. HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus (VZV)).Ginkgolic acids are alkylphenol constituents of the leaves and fruits of Ginkgo biloba. Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have been used as herbal supplements since at least the 16 th century and remain widely in use 1 . Major constituents of GBE include terpine trilactones (ginkgolide A, B, C, J, and bilobalide), flavonoid glycosides (quercetin and rutin), as well as Ginkgolic acids 2 . Ginkgolic acids are a mixture of several 2-hydroxy-6-alkylbenzoic acids in which the most common alkyl chains contain 13, 15, or 17 carbons. The 15 and 17 carbon chains are unsaturated at positions 8 and 10, respectively. The 3 Ginkgolic acid (GA) structures are, therefore, designated C13:0, C15:1, and C17:1 (Table S1) 3 .GA has shown pleiotropic effects in vitro, including: antitumor effects through inhibition of lipogenesis; decreased expression of invasion associated proteins through AMPK activation; potential rescue of amyloid-β (Aβ) induced synaptic impairment; and inhibition of HIV protease activity as well as HIV viral replication 4-7 . GA was also reported to have activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus 8 . Several ways in which GA works have been suggested including by SUMOylation inhibition activity; blocking formation of the E1-SUMO intermediate 9 ;...

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“…HPLC-UV has been applied to the analysis of these compounds (Irie et al, 1996), and it has recently been reported that a reversed-phase C 18 column connected in series with a silver (I) loaded cation exchanger column could give good separation of the alkylphenols (van Beek and Wintermans, 2001). HPLC-ESI-MS has also been used to analyse the ginkgolic acids (He et al, 2000;Ndjoko et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative analysis of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo leaves and products using ¹H‐NMR

Choi

Peltenburg-Looman

et al. 2004

Phytochemical Analysis

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The determination of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo products is one of the principal components of quality control. However, a number of ginkgolic acids with different side chains may be present and this makes their analysis by conventional chromatographic methods more complex. In this study, 1H-NMR spectrometry was applied to the analysis of the total content of ginkgolic acids in leaves of Ginkgo biloba and in six types of commercial Ginkgo products in the absence of chromatographic purification. For this analysis, protons H-3, H-4, and H-5, which are well separated in the range 8 (ppm) 6.5-7.5 in the 1H-NMR spectrum, were utilised. For further confirmation, the correlations of H-3, H-4 and H-5 were examined by 1H-1H COSY spectra in all extracts. The quantity of the compounds was calculated from the relative ratio of the integral of each peak to the integral of the peaks of a known amount (100 microg) of anthracene used as an internal standard. The quantitative results obtained by 1H-NMR analysis were compared with those obtained by GC, which showed that the 1H-NMR method allows a simple quantification of total ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo extracts without any pre-purification steps.

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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography--Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Study of Ginkgolic Acid in the leaves and Fruits of the Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba)

Cited by 35 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of Ginkgo biloba seed exopleura extract and chitosan coating on the postharvest quality of ginkgo seed

Effect of Ginkgo biloba seed exopleura extract and chitosan coating on the postharvest quality of ginkgo seed

Ginkgolic acid inhibits fusion of enveloped viruses

Quantitative analysis of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo leaves and products using ¹H‐NMR

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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography--Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Study of Ginkgolic Acid in the leaves and Fruits of the Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba)

Cited by 35 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of Ginkgo biloba seed exopleura extract and chitosan coating on the postharvest quality of ginkgo seed

Effect of Ginkgo biloba seed exopleura extract and chitosan coating on the postharvest quality of ginkgo seed

Ginkgolic acid inhibits fusion of enveloped viruses

Quantitative analysis of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo leaves and products using 1H‐NMR

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Quantitative analysis of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo leaves and products using ¹H‐NMR