High performance liquid chromatography determination of ergosterolas a measure of ectomycorrhiza infection in Scots pine

Salmanowicz, Bolesław P.; Nylund, Jan‐Erik

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1988.tb00216.x

Cited by 124 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The ergosterol content of the roots was assayed using HPLC (Salmanowicz & Nylund, 1988;Nylund & Wallander, 1992). The potting medium was extracted with ethanol (95 %) for 2 h on a rotary shaker and the extract analyzed for ergosterol in the same way as the root.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of excess nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizas of Pinus sylvestris L.

Wallander¹,

Nylund²

1992

New Phytologist

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215

118

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SUMMARYThe effect of excess nitrogen alone, and in combination with phosphorus and magnesium starvation, on the production of extramatrical mycelium was studied in Scots pine seedlings ectomycorrhizal with Laccaria bicolor (R. Mre.) Orton, Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull, ex St-Amans) Quel. and Suillus bovinus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze. Seedlings were grown in a semi-hydroponic cultivation system and the ergosterol assay was used to estimate fungal biomass. The mycelial biomass increased rapidly when N was kept low (10-20 mg 1 ') and in balance with other nutrients, but no extramatrical mycelium was produced when the N concentration was raised to 200 mg 1 '. The growth of the extramatrical mycelium resumed when the excess N treatment was terminated and the seedlings were returned to a low nutrient regime, Laccaria showing more complete resumption of growth than Suillus, while Hebeloma had a low production of extramatrical mycelium in all treatments. Compared with the external mycelium, the amount of fungal tissue on the mycorrhizal roots (mantle and Hartig net) was much less affected by the high N treatment. P starvation increased the production of extramatrical mycelium tenfold, with almost no difference between high and low N nutrient regimes, while Mg starvation had no effect on the fungal biomass. The high N treatment lowered P and particularly Mg concentration of the needles, regardless of the mycorrhizal status of the plant.It is suggested that nitrogen deposition from the atmosphere may damage the function of mycorrhiza even before root tip studies reveal any decline in the symbiotic state. On the other hand, moderate nitrogen fertilization of forest land unaffected by nitrogen pollution is likely to have only passing effects on mycorrhizal development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of excess nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizas of Pinus sylvestris L.

Wallander¹,

Nylund²

1992

New Phytologist

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215

118

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“…Several techniques enable us to focus on this live pool. For example, ergosterol concentrations are thought to indicate relative amounts of living fungal cytoplasm (Salmanowicz & Nylund, 1988 ;Martin et al, 1990 ;, and are an appropriate measure when no nonmycorrhizal fungi are present. In addition, stains such as fluorescein diacetate, differential fluorescent stain and immunofluorescent antibodies (Friese & Allen, 1991b ;Morris et al, 1997) can distinguish between live and dead hyphae.…”

Section: Measures Of Mycorrhizal Response To Environmental Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycorrhizal fungi have a potential role in soil carbon storage under elevated CO₂ and nitrogen deposition

2000

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In this review, we discuss the potential for mycorrhizal fungi to act as a source or sink for carbon (C) under elevated CO # and nitrogen deposition. Mycorrhizal tissue has been estimated to comprise a significant fraction of soil organic matter and below-ground biomass in a range of systems. The current body of literature indicates that in many systems exposed to elevated CO # , mycorrhizal fungi might sequester increased amounts of C in living, dead and residual hyphal biomass in the soil. Through this process, the fungi might serve as a negative feedback on the rise in atmospheric CO # levels caused by fossil fuel burning and deforestation. By contrast, a few preliminary studies suggest that N deposition might increase turnover rates of fungal tissue and negate CO # effects on hyphal biomass. If these latter responses are consistent among ecosystems, C storage in hyphae might decline in habitats surrounding agricultural and urban areas. When N additions occur without CO # enrichment, effects on mycorrhizal growth are inconsistent. We note that analyses of hyphal decomposition under elevated CO # and N additions are extremely sparse but are critical in our understanding of the impact of global change on the cycling of mycorrhizal C. Finally, shifts in the community composition of arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi with increasing CO # or N availability are frequently documented. Since mycorrhizal groups vary in growth rate and tissue quality, these changes in species assemblages could produce unforeseeable impacts on the productivity, survivorship, or decomposition of mycorrhizal biomass.

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“…Peak 3 was used for chitin quantification in all three experimental series because in these analyses peak 2 was better separated from peak 3 than peak 1 (which was used by Ekblad & Na$ sholm, 1996). Ergosterol was measured according to Salmanowicz & Nylund (1988) with modifications according to . Briefly, free ergosterol and that bound in sterol esters were measured together.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ergosterol is a fungus-specific component of membranes (Weete, 1980) and its content is therefore believed to be correlated with the amount of metabolically active fungal biomass , although this remains to be verified experimentally. Since the first application of ergosterol analysis in mycorrhizal research by Salmanowicz & Nylund (1988), the procedure has become increasingly popular and is now the most commonly used method for estimating fungal biomass in mycorrhizas.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chitin and ergosterol combined to measure total and living fungal biomass in ectomycorrhizas

1998

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We have studied the chitin and ergosterol contents of ectomycorrhizal roots in three sets of experiments to evaluate them as indicators of fungal biomass. The first set of experiments showed that ageing had a marked effect on ergosterol concentrations. The ergosterol content of 7-month-old, brown, shrunken Pinus sylvestris L.-Paxillus involutus (Fr.) Fr. mycorrhizas was found to be only 10 % of that found in white, turgid, 1-or 4-month-old specimens. This supports the hypothesis that the compound is a good indicator of living fungal biomass. Ageing had a lesser effect on chitin concentrations since the chitin levels found in 7-month-old mycorrhizas were still 60 % of the levels found in 1-and 4-month-old specimens.Consequently, the chitin : ergosterol ratio increased from about 14 to 19 in 1-and 4-month-old mycorrhizas respectively to about 110 in 7-month-old mycorrhizas. In the second set of experiments, we found that variation in plant growth had no effect on the chitin : ergosterol ratio in whole root systems of either Alnus incana (L.) Moench or Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizal with Paxillus involutus. In the third set of experiments, we found a constant relationship between the two marker concentrations in 10-month-old root systems of Pinus sylvestris, regardless of fungal species involved, using Paxillus involutus, Piloderma croceum Erikss. & Hjorts and Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kuntze as test organisms. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that both chitin and ergosterol give reliable, but different, relative measures of fungal biomass in mycorrhizal roots. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, in combination, the two chemical markers can be used to estimate both total and living fungal biomass (derived from the chitin : ergosterol ratio).

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High performance liquid chromatography determination of ergosterolas a measure of ectomycorrhiza infection in Scots pine

Cited by 124 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of excess nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizas of Pinus sylvestris L.

Effects of excess nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizas of Pinus sylvestris L.

Mycorrhizal fungi have a potential role in soil carbon storage under elevated CO₂ and nitrogen deposition

Chitin and ergosterol combined to measure total and living fungal biomass in ectomycorrhizas

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High performance liquid chromatography determination of ergosterolas a measure of ectomycorrhiza infection in Scots pine

Cited by 124 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of excess nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizas of Pinus sylvestris L.

Effects of excess nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizas of Pinus sylvestris L.

Mycorrhizal fungi have a potential role in soil carbon storage under elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition

Chitin and ergosterol combined to measure total and living fungal biomass in ectomycorrhizas

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Mycorrhizal fungi have a potential role in soil carbon storage under elevated CO₂ and nitrogen deposition