High-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry of gymnemic acids

Imoto, Toshiaki; Yamamoto, Fumiko M.; Miyasaka, Akiko; Hatano, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87146-6

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Our findings correlate well with those of earlier studies conducted using G. sylvestre, which reported reduced blood glucose and increased plasma insulin levels in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats Baskaran et al, 1990). Gymnemic acid (GA), a mixture of triterpene glucuronides, was isolated from G. sylvestre and found not only to inhibit glucose absorption in the small intestine (Yoshioka, 1986;Imoto et al, 1991), but also suppress hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in an oral glucose tolerance test (Hirata et al, 1992;Leach, 2007). The efficiency of GA in inhibiting glucose absorption in the small intestine was found to be increased by a combined effect with acarbose and voglibose (Luo et al, 2001a, b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Inhibitory effect of Gymnema Montanum leaves on α-glucosidase activity and α-amylase activity and their relationship with polyphenolic content

et al. 2009

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The present study was attempted to investigate the effect of G. montanum leaf extract on inhibition of a-glucosidase and a-amylase activity. The ethanol extract of G. montanum (GLEt) at various concentrations (1-10 lg/ml) was tested for its inhibition pattern against a-glucosidase and a-amylase activity in vitro and compared with the commercially available a-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose. The GLEt showed competitive inhibition against yeast a-glucosidase and noncompetitive inhibition against salivary a-amylase in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, we investigated the effect of extract on levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin in neonatal streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Long-term administration (12 weeks) of the GLEt effectively reduced the blood glucose level and also increased the insulin level. In a preliminary phytochemical analysis, G. montanum leaves were rich in phenolic composition and found to be positively correlated with the inhibitory effect of a-glucosidase and a-amylase activity. These results suggest that the GLEt might exert its antidiabetic effect by suppressing carbohydrate absorption from the intestine and thereby reducing hyperglycemia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Inhibitory effect of Gymnema Montanum leaves on α-glucosidase activity and α-amylase activity and their relationship with polyphenolic content

et al. 2009

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“…Characterization of these compounds by HPLC-ELSD-DAD-MS, ESIMS, HRESIMS, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR showed that they corresponded to GA-IV, GA-III, GA-XIV and GA-XIII, respectively (Fig. 2B and Figures S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S13, S14, S15, S16, S17, S18, S19, S20) [48]. Indeed, the NMR data of these four compounds showed chemical shifts characteristic of the triterpenoid skeleton of GAs [35], [36], [37], [38].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gymnemic Acids Inhibit Hyphal Growth and Virulence in Candida albicans

et al. 2013

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Candida albicans is an opportunistic and polymorphic fungal pathogen that causes mucosal, disseminated and invasive infections in humans. Transition from the yeast form to the hyphal form is one of the key virulence factors in C. albicans contributing to macrophage evasion, tissue invasion and biofilm formation. Nontoxic small molecules that inhibit C. albicans yeast-to-hypha conversion and hyphal growth could represent a valuable source for understanding pathogenic fungal morphogenesis, identifying drug targets and serving as templates for the development of novel antifungal agents. Here, we have identified the triterpenoid saponin family of gymnemic acids (GAs) as inhibitor of C. albicans morphogenesis. GAs were isolated and purified from Gymnema sylvestre leaves, the Ayurvedic traditional medicinal plant used to treat diabetes. Purified GAs had no effect on the growth and viability of C. albicans yeast cells but inhibited its yeast-to-hypha conversion under several hypha-inducing conditions, including the presence of serum. Moreover, GAs promoted the conversion of C. albicans hyphae into yeast cells under hypha inducing conditions. They also inhibited conidial germination and hyphal growth of Aspergillus sp. Finally, GAs inhibited the formation of invasive hyphae from C. albicans-infected Caenorhabditis elegans worms and rescued them from killing by C. albicans. Hence, GAs could be useful for various antifungal applications due to their traditional use in herbal medicine.

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“…Standard GA stability and impurity were characterized through single peak at initial, middle, and end of the HPLC experiment. Imoto et al (1991) reported that GA content was confirmed through HPLC in methanol leaf extracts of G. sylvestre [ 34 ]. Figure 5(b) describes the GA content of in intact leaf explants (19.52 mg/g d.w), which was increased compared to Figure 5(c) of in vitro callus culture of MS medium supplemented with OPGRS (12.22 mg/g d.w).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Gymnemic Acid Depends on Medium, Explants, PGRs, Color Lights, Temperature, Photoperiod, and Sucrose Sources in Batch Culture ofGymnema sylvestre

Ahmed

Rao

et al. 2012

The Scientific World Journal

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Gymnema sylvestre (R.Br.) is an important diabetic medicinal plant which yields pharmaceutically active compounds called gymnemic acid (GA). The present study describes callus induction and the subsequent batch culture optimization and GA quantification determined by linearity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Best callus induction of GA was noticed in MS medium combined with 2,4-D (1.5 mg/L) and KN (0.5 mg/L). Evaluation and isolation of GA from the calluses derived from different plant parts, namely, leaf, stem and petioles have been done in the present case for the first time. Factors such as light, temperature, sucrose, and photoperiod were studied to observe their effect on GA production. Temperature conditions completely inhibited GA production. Out of the different sucrose concentrations tested, the highest yield (35.4 mg/g d.w) was found at 5% sucrose followed by 12 h photoperiod (26.86 mg/g d.w). Maximum GA production (58.28 mg/g d.w) was observed in blue light. The results showed that physical and chemical factors greatly influence the production of GA in callus cultures of G. sylvestre. The factors optimized for in vitro production of GA during the present study can successfully be employed for their large-scale production in bioreactors.

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High-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry of gymnemic acids

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Inhibitory effect of Gymnema Montanum leaves on α-glucosidase activity and α-amylase activity and their relationship with polyphenolic content

Inhibitory effect of Gymnema Montanum leaves on α-glucosidase activity and α-amylase activity and their relationship with polyphenolic content

Gymnemic Acids Inhibit Hyphal Growth and Virulence in Candida albicans

Production of Gymnemic Acid Depends on Medium, Explants, PGRs, Color Lights, Temperature, Photoperiod, and Sucrose Sources in Batch Culture ofGymnema sylvestre

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