High-performance charge transfer device detectors

Sweedler, Jonathan V.; Bilhorn, Robert B.; Epperson, Patrick M.; Sims, Gary R.; Denton, M. Bonner

doi:10.1021/ac00155a002

“…Instead, by parallel imaging of many wavelengths on a spatially resolving detector they can be measured simultaneously so that a complete spectrum is recorded. This can be done by using linear photodiode arrays or, more recently, so-called charge-coupled devices (CCDs) [2,3,64,65].…”

Section: Multiplex Methods In Absorption Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy

Gauglitz

¹

2008

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

0

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Comparison with Other Spectroscopic Methods 1.2. Development and Uses 2. Theoretical Principles 2.1. Electronic States and Orbitals 2.2. Interaction Between Radiation and Matter 2.2.1. Dispersion 2.2.2. Absorption 2.2.3. Scattering 2.2.4. Reflection 2.2.5. Band Intensity 2.3. The Lambert–BeerLaw 2.3.1. Definitions 2.3.2. Deviations from the Lambert ‐ Beer Law 2.4. Photophysics 2.4.1. Energy Level Diagram 2.4.2. Deactivation Processes 2.4.3. Transition Probability and Fine Structure of the Bands 2.5. Chromophores 2.6. Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism 2.6.1. Generation of Polarized Radiation 2.6.2. Interaction with Polarized Radiation 2.6.3. Optical Rotatory Dispersion 2.6.4. Circular Dichroism and the Cotton Effect 2.6.5. Magnetooptical Effects 3. Optical Components and Spectrometers 3.1. Principles of Spectrometer Construction 3.1.1. Sequential Measurement of Absorption 3.1.2. Multiplex Methods in Absorption Spectroscopy 3.2. Light Sources 3.2.1. Line Sources 3.2.2. Sources of Continuous Radiation 3.2.3. Lasers 3.3. Selection of Wavelengths 3.3.1. Prism Monochromators 3.3.2. Grating Monochromators 3.3.3. Electro‐Acoustic and Opto‐Acoustic Wavelength Generation 3.4. Polarizers and Analyzers 3.5. Sample Compartments and Cells 3.5.1. Closed Compartments 3.5.2. Modular Arrangements 3.5.3. Open Compartments 3.6. Detectors 3.7. Optical Paths for Special Measuring Requirements 3.7.1. Fluorescence Measurement 3.7.2. Measuring Equipment for Polarimetry, ORD, and CD 3.7.3. Reflection Measurement 3.7.4. Ellipsometry 3.8. Effect of Equipment Parameters 3.9. Connection to Electronic Systems and Computers 4. Uses of UV ‐ VIS Spectroscopy in Absorption, Fluorescence, and Reflection 4.1. Identification of Substances and Determination of Structures 4.2. Quantitative Analysis 4.2.1. Determination of Concentration by Calibration Curves 4.2.2. Classical Multicomponent Analysis 4.2.3. Multivariate Data Analysis 4.2.4. Use in Chromatography 4.3. Fluorimetry 4.3.1. Inner Filter Effects 4.3.2. Fluorescene and Scattering 4.3.3. Excitation Spectra 4.3.4. Applications 4.4. Reflectometry 4.4.1. Diffuse Reflection 4.4.2. Color Measurement 4.4.3. Regular Reflection 4.4.4. Determination of Film Thickness 4.4.5. Ellipsometry 4.5. Resonance Methods 4.5.1. SurfacePlasmon Resonance 4.5.2. Grating Couplers 4.5.3. Other Evanescent Methods 4.5.4. Interferometric Methods 4.6. On‐Line Process Control 4.6.1. Process Analysis 4.6.2. Measurement of Film Thicknesses 4.6.3. Optical Sensors 4.7. Measuring Methods Based on Deviations from the Lambert – Beer Law 5. Special Methods 5.1. Derivative Spectroscopy 5.2. Dual‐Wavelength Spectroscopy 5.3. Scattering 5.3.1. Turbidimetry 5.3.2. Nephelometry 5.3.3. Photon Correlation Spectroscopy 5.4. Luminescence, Excitation, and Depolarization Spectroscopy, and Measurement of Lifetimes 5.5. Polarimetry 5.5.1. Sugar Analysis 5.5.2. Cellulose Determination 5.5.3. Stereochemical StructuralAnalysis 5.5.4. Use of Optical Activity Induced by a Magnetic Field 5.6. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS)

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“…Array detectors with low-noise characteristics, e.g. charge-coupled devices (CCD) and intensified PDA (IPDA) enable a large improvement in LOD [50,51,52]. The first use of a CCD combined with a polychromator to achieve wavelengthresolved fluorescence in CE was reported by Cheng and coworkers [53].…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cryogenically-cooled CCD and IPDA, typically enable multiwavelength detection, with the detector characteristics often dictating system performance. Cryogenically-cooled two-dimensional CCD cameras are integrated solid-state photometric detectors characterized by negligible dark current, high quantum efficiency, low readout noise, wide dynamic range, and the ability to bin photo-generated charges from multiple pixels [50,51,57]. The IPDA is a solid-state diode array coupled to an image intensifier via a fiber-optic bundle.…”

Section: Instrumentation and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capillary electrophoresis with wavelength-resolved laser-induced fluorescence detection

Zhang

¹

,

Stuart

²

,

Sweedler

³

2002

Self Cite

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Capillary electrophoresis (CE) enables rapid separations with high separation efficiency and compatibility with small sample volumes. Laser-induced fluorescence detection can result in extremely low limits of detection in CE. Single-channel fluorescence detection, however, furnishes little qualitative information about a species being detected, except for its CE migration time. Use of multidimensional information often enables unambiguous identification of analytes. Combination of CE with information-rich wavelength-resolved fluorescence detection is analogous with ultraviolet-visible diode-array detection and furnishes both qualitative and quantitative chemical information about target species. This review discusses recent advances in wavelength-resolved laser-induced fluorescence detection coupled with CE, with an emphasis on instrument design.

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“…Both bloom and lag can be reduced by programming, but additional time is required. The use of charge transfer devices [23,24] such as the charge coupled detector (CCD) or the charge injection detector (CID) can reduce these limitations. Monning et al [25,26] reported the use of a CCD device to produce a three-dimensional structure of the Ar ICP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, a portion of this work involved the construction of a simple optical imaging spectrometer/spectrograph that included a relatively inexpensive CID surveillance camera. For obvious reasons, this simple set-up could not provide imaging capabilities comparable to an instrument using a spectroscopic grade CCD or CID [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], but it provided us with an opportunity to acquire a wealth of spatialresolved data for He ICP in a short time. For comparison, preliminary results also were obtained with a commercial CCD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic imaging of atmospheric-pressure helium inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharges

Montaser

¹

,

Boyes

²

,

Cai

³

et al. 1994

SPIE Proceedings

0

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Spatially-resolved infcrmation from atmospheric-pressure helium inductively coupled plasmas (He ICP) was acquired with a simple, inexpensive optical imaging spectrometer. The system uses a 35-cm focal length Czerny-Turner monochromator/spectrograph and a solid state charge-injection device (CID) or a charge coupled device (CCD). Quantitative image maps of the plasmas were produced with good resolution. For example, when the CID was used, the entire plasma image could be monitored with a spatial resolution of 0. 13 and 0. 10 mm in the horizontal and vertical directions . The spectral resolution was 4 nm. Lateral distributions of emission intensities were converted, using an Abel inversion routine, to radial distributions. Some unique features of the He ICP, compared to the commonly used Ar ICP, were identified at or around analytical conditions for elemental analysis of gaseous and aqueous samples.Knowledge of spatial distributions of emission intensity is important for: 1) obtaining fundamental properties of plasmas (such as temperatures and electron number density), 2) identifying optimum operating conditions of plasma formed in a new torch, and 3) understanding mechanisms of desolvation-vaporizationatomization-excitation-ionization processes [1]. Images of the emission intensity distribution throughout a plasma can be acquired by a number of methods. With a traditional single channel, photomultiplier tube-based spectrometer, emission intensity is registered one point at a time, resulting in a tedious and time-consuming mapping process that often requires several hours to several days. Multichannel array detectors, however, have replaced the single-channel detector for such studies recently. The driving force behind these developments has been the ability to dramatically reduce the data collection time and minimize signal fluctuation which can result from changes in the operating conditions over time.Three types of multichannel array detectors have been evaluated for plasma diagnostics [2]: (a) photodiode arrays (PDAs), (b) silicon intensified target (SIT) vidicons and (c) charge transfer devices. Among these detectors, the PDA has been the most widely used device for fundamental studies of ICP discharges [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The PDA, however, is a one-dimensional detector and cannot simultaneously capture vertically-and horizontallyresolved emission distributions from plasmas . Two-dimensional SIT vidicons have been used for the measurement of spatially-resolved emission intensities and electron number densities [18][19][20][21][22]. The electronics needed for vidicons are more complex than PDAs, and vidicons also display two undesirable characteristics (bloom and lag). Both bloom and lag can be reduced by programming, but additional time is required. The use of charge transfer devices [23,24] such as the charge coupled detector (CCD) or the charge injection detector (CID) can reduce these limitations. Monning et al. [25,26] reported the use of a CCD device to produce a three-...

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High-performance charge transfer device detectors

Cited by 92 publications

References 8 publications

Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy

Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy

Capillary electrophoresis with wavelength-resolved laser-induced fluorescence detection

Spectroscopic imaging of atmospheric-pressure helium inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharges

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