Unlike
the more common steam reforming of methane, dry (or CO2) reforming of methane (DRM) can directly consume CO2,
the most abundant greenhouse gas, to produce useful syngas. However,
catalyst deactivation during DRM, which is generally attributed to
carbon deposition (coking), has traditionally impeded its industrialization.
In this study, we focus on the coking process, the oxidation process
taking place during DRM, and the nature of carbon deposits. We provide
evidence that the carbon deposits on a standard Ni catalyst surface
can be a reaction intermediate which is produced during the DRM reaction
and removed by reaction with CO2. We demonstrate that coke
is present in two principal forms: (1) two-dimensional graphite and
(2) one-dimensional carbon nanotubes. Our data indicate that the two-dimensional
carbon, which can cover and completely deactivate the catalyst, only
accumulates significantly in a CO2-deficient environment.
After 30 min under the DRM reaction conditions employed, the main
form of coke present is one-dimensional carbon, which covers ∼50%
of the catalyst surface, as estimated by the decrease in CH4 conversion. The DRM activity does not further change significantly
over this 30 min time period, which implies that there is a steady
state involving carbon deposition and carbon consumption. The carbon
deposits which are oxidized to CO contribute to the DRM yield. This
study therefore redefines the role of coke during the DRM reaction
and has significant implications for reaction conditions that optimize
DRM reaction yields and hence has potential economic and environmental
benefits.