High-performance activated carbon from polyaniline for capacitive deionization

Zornitta, Rafael L.; García-Mateos, Francisco J.; Lado, Julio J.; Rodríguez-Mirasol, José; Cordero, Tomás; Hammer, Peter; Ruotolo, Luís A.M.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.07.071

Cited by 103 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…The conductivity value was corrected by using the pH data [Eq. (17)] and the temperature and was then converted into salt concentration [mm]b yu sing Equation (18) obtained prior to the experiment. Each experiment was performed until electrode saturation was reached.…”

Section: Desalination Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14] The search for new low-cost precursors for the synthesis of electrode materials and carbon activation by simple methods is important to reduce the costs of CDI systems. Various lowcost precursors for CDIe lectrodes have been explored, including cotton-derived carbon sponge, [15] sugar cane bagasse fly ash, [16] polyaniline-derived activatedc arbon, [17] phenolic-resinderived activated carbon cloth, [18] and commerciallya vailable activated carbons. [19] Despite the improved salt adsorption capacity (SAC) and charge efficiency of these materials, few authors have investigatedt he long-term performances tability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Charge and Potential Balancing for Optimized Capacitive Deionization Using Lignin‐Derived, Low‐Cost Activated Carbon Electrodes

et al. 2018

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Lignin-derived carbon is introduced as a promising electrode material for water desalination by using capacitive deionization (CDI). Lignin is a low-cost precursor that is obtained from the cellulose and ethanol industries, and we used carbonization and subsequent KOH activation to obtain highly porous carbon. CDI cells with a pair of lignin-derived carbon electrodes presented an initially high salt adsorption capacity but rapidly lost their beneficial desalination performance. To capitalize on the high porosity of lignin-derived carbon and to stabilize the CDI performance, we then used asymmetric electrode configurations. By using electrodes of the same material but with different thicknesses, the desalination performance was stabilized through reduction of the potential at the positive electrode. To enhance the desalination capacity further, we used cell configurations with different materials for the positive and negative electrodes. The best performance was achieved by a cell with lignin-derived carbon as a negative electrode and commercial activated carbon as a positive electrode. Thereby, a maximum desalination capacity of 18.5 mg g was obtained with charge efficiency over 80 % and excellent performance retention over 100 cycles. The improvements were related to the difference in the potential of zero charge between the electrodes. Our work shows that an asymmetric cell configuration is a powerful tool to adapt otherwise inappropriate CDI electrode materials.

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Section: Desalination Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge and Potential Balancing for Optimized Capacitive Deionization Using Lignin‐Derived, Low‐Cost Activated Carbon Electrodes

et al. 2018

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“…In particular, hybrid CDI is analogous to the concept of hybrid SC, integrating high capacity battery‐type electrodes with capacitor‐type carbon electrodes in an asymmetric configuration, which can maximize the CDI performance and energy efficiency. In a similar manner to the historical advance in EDLC, various carbon materials, such as activated carbon, carbon aerogel, mesoporous carbon, CNFs, CNTs, and graphene, contributed to the development of CDI electrodes. Table 3 summarizes the CDI performance of representative carbon materials.…”

Section: Carbon Materials For Sodium Capture By Capacitive Deionizationmentioning

confidence: 90%

Rational Design of Carbon Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Sodium Storage and Capture

et al. 2019

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The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803444. Electrochemical sodium storage and capture are considered an attractive technology owing to the natural abundance, low cost, safety, and cleanness of sodium, and the higher efficiency of the electrochemical system compared to fossil-fuel-based counterparts. Considering that the sodium-ion chemistry often largely deviates from the lithium-based one despite the physical and chemical similarities, the architecture and chemical structure of electrode materials should be designed for highly efficient sodium storage and capture technologies. Here, the rational design in the structure and chemistry of carbon materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), sodium-ion capacitors (SICs), and capacitive deionization (CDI) applications is comprehensively reviewed. Types and features of carbon materials are classified into ordered and disordered carbons as well as nanodimensional and nanoporous carbons, covering the effect of synthesis parameters on the carbon structure and chemistry. The sodium storage mechanism and performance of these carbon materials are correlated with the key structural/chemical factors, including the interlayer spacing, crystallite size, porous characteristics, micro/nanostructure, morphology, surface chemistry, heteroatom incorporation, and hybridization. Finally, perspectives on current impediment and future research directions into the development of practical SIBs, SICs, and CDI are also provided. Nanostructured Carbon

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“…The synthesis, mechanism, and characterization of PANI nanotubes via the rapid mixing polymerization method in P-TSA solution will be investigated in our future work. Additionally, textural PANI-derived carbon materials' properties, such as microporosity, could be properly tuned, resulting in a suitable proportion of micro-and mesoporosity by using different doping anions [33]. Thus, it is meaningful to study the effect of P-TSA on PANI-derived carbon and comparing it with other doped acids, such as other organic acids and polymer acids.…”

Section: Polymerization and Carbonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, the carbonization of PANI opens the possibility to tailor the morphology of resulting nitrogen-enriched carbon materials by controlling the reaction conditions of PANI synthesis. products of PANI (15 wt % N, 79 wt % C) have been successfully employed in other articles as electrode materials [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. However, most of the present reported PANI-derived carbon materials are irregular and agglomerate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-Enriched Carbon Nanofibers Derived from Polyaniline and Their Capacitive Properties

Gao

Ying

et al. 2018

Applied Sciences

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Nitrogen-doped carbon materials derived from N-containing conducting polymer have attracted significant attention due to their special electrochemical properties in the past two decades. Novel nitrogen-enriched carbon nanofibers (NCFs) have been prepared by one-step carbonization of p-toluene sulfonic acid (P-TSA) doped polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers, which are successfully synthesized via the rapid mixing oxidative polymerization at room temperature. NCFs with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 150 nm possess a highly specific surface area of 915 m 2 g −1 and a relatively rich nitrogen content of 7.59 at %. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that NCFs have high specific capacitance (172 F g −1 , 2 mV s −1 ) and satisfactory cycling stability (89% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles). The outstanding properties affirm that NCFs can be promising candidates for supercapacitor electrode materials. Interestingly, the carbonization of PANI opens the possibility to tailor the morphology of resulting nitrogen-enriched carbon materials by controlling the reaction conditions of PANI synthesis. products of PANI (15 wt % N, 79 wt % C) have been successfully employed in other articles as electrode materials [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. However, most of the present reported PANI-derived carbon materials are irregular and agglomerate. Furthermore, the PANI-derived carbon materials by one-step carbonization usually have a low specific surface area while the chemical activation process is complex and increases costs. Recently, one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured PANI, such as nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanorods, have attracted intensive attention for their unique structure, properties, and new potential applications [37][38][39][40][41][42]. Various methods, such as hard or soft template [32,39], interfacial polymerization [40], and rapid mixing polymerization, have been used to tailor the morphology of the products in the chemical oxidative polymerization. Compared with other methods, the rapid mixing polymerization method is the most common non-template route to produce PANI nanofibers owing to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, being environmental friendly, and pure production [43][44][45][46][47].Furthermore, the molecular structure and functional groups of doped acids also influence the morphology and structure of resulting PANI particles [28,41,[47][48][49][50][51][52]. Chutia's work investigates the effect of organic camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) and inorganic hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the structures and conductivity of polyaniline, and the discovery indicates that PANI nanorods doped with CSA produce more uniform and aligned structures [50]. Organosulfonic acid possessing long alkyl-chain sulfonic acids, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid (P-TSA), β-naphtalenesulfonic acid (NSA), camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), have already been explored by some researchers [49,51]. P-TSA (the molecular structural formula is p-CH 3 C 6 H 4 SO 3 H) is a non-oxidizing organic acid, so...

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High-performance activated carbon from polyaniline for capacitive deionization

Cited by 103 publications

References 93 publications

Charge and Potential Balancing for Optimized Capacitive Deionization Using Lignin‐Derived, Low‐Cost Activated Carbon Electrodes

Charge and Potential Balancing for Optimized Capacitive Deionization Using Lignin‐Derived, Low‐Cost Activated Carbon Electrodes

Rational Design of Carbon Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Sodium Storage and Capture

Nitrogen-Enriched Carbon Nanofibers Derived from Polyaniline and Their Capacitive Properties

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