Loss issue is significant in power system since it affects the operation of power system, which ultimately can b e translated to monetary effect. Incremental
IntroductionElectricity demand is reported to be increasingin many parts of the world. To ensure smooth and continuous supply, more energy need to be produced. Adding new conventional fuel power plant would be a direct method, but the high economic cost and the gas emission effect that comes together deter the installation without proper planning.Renewable energy (RE) offers a sustainable green energy alternative to the carbon-emission fossil fuel. Many countries have decided to utilise large-scale RE, such as solar power, wind power and hydro power. An extensive review and discussion on integrating large-scale photovoltaic (LSPV) power generation in China are reported in [1]. A high penetration PV power plant connected to the distribution network feeder wasstudied by [2]. Technical challenges and solutions to overcome power system stability challenges due to LSPV integration worldwide were presented by [3]. Although some researchers foresee that currently available RE resource is sufficeto serve current demand, extensive planning to optimise the size and location of RE with constraints is needed. Reference [4] presents how they determine the lowest-cost mix of RE resources, demand response and energy storage to replace conventional fuels in Ontario, Canada. Without optimisation, the location and size of RE may cause more loss and cost.Many optimisation techniques have been employed and improvised in finding the best solution. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used in [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] to determine the best solution of their objective function with constraints. Subsequently, ant -colony optimisation (ACO) and symbiotic organism search (SOS) are other optimisation technique used in [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. These swarm intelligence (SI) are mostly developed to address stationary optimisation problems, thus not the best method for dynamic problems [15].