“High on My Own Supply”: Correlates of Drug Dealing among Heterosexually Identified Methamphetamine Users

Semple, Shirley J.; Strathdee, Steffanie A.; Volkmann, Tyson; Zians, Jim; Patterson, Thomas L.

doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00173.x

Cited by 12 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…This is supported by a prior study that found an association between more frequent crystal methamphetamine use and crystal methamphetamine injection with drug dealing in a cohort of methamphetamine users (40). The association between dealing drugs and initiation of crystal methamphetamine may represent several factors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The association between dealing drugs and initiation of crystal methamphetamine may represent several factors. First, drug dealers may be more likely to use the drugs they are selling, especially as many drug users sell drugs to support their own drug use (40,41). Secondly, drug dealing often occurs in a hostile, violent environment and crystal methamphetamine use may help dealers cope in this environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crystal methamphetamine initiation among street-involved youth

Uhlmann

DeBeck

Simo

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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Background Although many settings have recently documented a substantial increase in the use of methamphetamine-type stimulants, recent reviews have underscored the dearth of prospective studies that have examined risk factors associated with the initiation of crystal methamphetamine use. Objectives Our objectives were to examine rates and risk factors for the initiation of crystal methamphetamine use in a cohort of street-involved youth. Methods Street-involved youth in Vancouver, Canada, were enrolled in a prospective cohort known as the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS). A total of 205 crystal methamphetamine-naïve participants were assessed semi-annually and Cox regression analyses were used to identify factors independently associated with the initiation of crystal methamphetamine use. Results Among 205 youth prospectively followed from 2005 to 2012, the incidence density of crystal methamphetamine initiation was 12.2 per 100 person years. In Cox regression analyses, initiation of crystal methamphetamine use was independently associated with previous crack cocaine use (adjusted relative hazard [ARH] = 2.24 [95% CI: 1.20–4.20]) and recent drug dealing (ARH = 1.98 [95% CI: 1.05–3.71]). Those initiating methamphetamine were also more likely to report a recent nonfatal overdose (ARH = 3.63 [95% CI: 1.65–7.98]) and to be male (ARH = 2.12 [95% CI: 1.06–4.25]). Conclusions We identified high rates of crystal methamphetamine initiation among this population. Males those involved in the drug trade, and those who used crack cocaine were more likely to initiate crystal methamphetamine use. Evidence-based strategies to prevent and treat crystal methamphetamine use are urgently needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal methamphetamine initiation among street-involved youth

Uhlmann

DeBeck

Simo

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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“…In our study, street-involved youth who use crystal methamphetamine were found to be more likely to initiate drug dealing; previous research has suggested that this substance’s stimulant effect and the associated need for repeated use may create a financial need to deal drugs (5,22–24). This interpretation may be especially applicable to our sample of street-involved youth, as 38% of those who use crystal methamphetamine did so on a daily basis, a level of use that may create a significant financial burden.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Initiation of drug dealing among a prospective cohort of street-involved youth

Hepburn

Barker

Nguyen

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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Background Street-involved youth who use drugs may have limited income-generation options and are known to commonly become immersed in illicit drug markets to generate funds. However, little attention has been given to factors that may drive drug dealing initiation among this vulnerable population. Objectives This longitudinal study examines drug dealing initiation among street-involved youth. Methods Data were derived from the At-Risk Youth Study from September 2005 to November 2014; a prospective cohort of 194 street-involved youth who use drugs aged 14 - 26, in Vancouver, Canada. Extended Cox model was used to identify factors independently associated with time to first drug dealing. Results Among street-involved youth who had never dealt drugs at baseline, 56 (29%) individuals initiated drug dealing during the study period for an incidence density of 13.0 per 100 person-years (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 9.9-17.2). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, male gender (Adjusted Hazard Ratio [AHR] = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.06-3.42), homelessness (AHR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.05-3.35), crystal methamphetamine use (AHR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.47-4.20), and crack cocaine use (AHR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.38-4.00) were positively and independently associated with initiating drug dealing. Conclusion Homelessness and stimulant drug use were key risk factors for drug dealing initiation among street-involved youth. Findings indicate that evidence-based and innovative interventions, including youth-centric supportive housing, low threshold employment programs, and stimulant addiction treatment should be implemented and evaluated as strategies to help prevent this vulnerable population from engaging in risky illegal income generation practices.

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“…However, there is no indication that receipt of social assistance increases overall drug use above unabated poverty (Rosen, 2011). Participation in drug dealing has been associated with elevated risks of overdose and frequent drug use in addition to violence, HIV infection, and incarceration (Curry & Latkin, 2003; Latkin, 2002; Semple et al, 2011; Small et al 2013; Werb et al, 2008). Among female sex workers, the amount of income generated through sex work has been found to be independently correlated with the amount of money spent on drugs and higher income from sex work has been connected to elevated odds of high risk drug use (Deering et al, 2011; Rekart, 2006; Shannon et al, 2008; Spice, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Income level and drug related harm among people who use injection drugs in a Canadian setting

Long¹,

DeBeck²,

Feng³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Drug Policy

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Background Higher income is generally associated with better health outcomes; however, among people who inject drugs (IDU) income generation frequently involves activities, such as sex work and drug dealing, which pose significant health risks. Therefore, we sought to examine the relationship between level of income and specific drug use patterns and related health risks. Methods This study involved IDU participating in a prospective cohort study in Vancouver, Canada. Monthly income was categorized based on non-fixed quartiles at each follow-up with the lowest level serving as the reference category in generalized linear mixed-effects regression. Results Among our sample of 1,032 IDU, the median average monthly income over the study follow-up was $1050 [Interquartile range=785–2000]. In multivariate analysis, the highest income category was significantly associated with sex work (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=7.65), drug dealing (AOR=5.06), daily heroin injection (AOR=2.97), daily cocaine injection (AOR=1.65), daily crack smoking (AOR=2.48), binge drug use (AOR=1.57) and unstable housing (AOR=1.67). The high income category was negatively associated with being female (AOR=0.61) and accessing addiction treatment (AOR=0.64), (all p < 0.05). In addition, higher income was strongly associated with higher monthly expenditure on drugs (>$400) (OR=97.8). Conclusion Among IDU in Vancouver, average monthly income levels were low and higher total monthly income was linked to high-risk income generation strategies as well as a range of drug use patterns characteristic of higher intensity addiction and HIV risk. These findings underscore the need for interventions that provide economic empowerment and address high intensity addiction, especially for female IDU.

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“High on My Own Supply”: Correlates of Drug Dealing among Heterosexually Identified Methamphetamine Users

Cited by 12 publications

References 44 publications

Crystal methamphetamine initiation among street-involved youth

Crystal methamphetamine initiation among street-involved youth

Initiation of drug dealing among a prospective cohort of street-involved youth

Income level and drug related harm among people who use injection drugs in a Canadian setting

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