High Molecular Weight Fucoidan Loading Into and Release from Hyaluronate‐Based Prefabricated Hydrogel and its Nanogel Particles Controlled by Variable Pitch and Differential Extensional Shear Technology of Advanced Twin Screw‐Based System

Abstract

Efficient incorporation of high molecular weight drug into prefabricated hydrogel and its delivery are big challenges in its applications to drug delivery and tissue regeneration using a 3D bioprinting system. In this work, a new method of loading a model high molecular weight drug (fucoidan with 200 kDa) into prefabricated hyaluronate‐based terpolymeric gel is developed by using an advanced screw‐based extrusion printing system. This system effectively incorporates the fucoidan biomolecules into the prefabricated crosslinked gel within 60 s at significantly higher percentages without much change in gel properties. Less damage in gel network is achieved through variable pitch and differential extensional shear mechanism by optimization of bioprinting conditions. Importantly, fucoidan‐loaded nanoparticles (NPs) are developed using the advanced extrusion system at high screw rpm and with increased residence time using recirculation. The encapsulation efficiency, sustained release of fucoidan, and in vitro cell culture studies confirm the nontoxic nature of the drug‐loaded gels and nanogels at lower doses, exhibiting the biomedical application potentials of this advanced screw‐based extrusion printing system and drug‐loaded NPs formation in pharmaceuticals, 3D bioprinting, tissue engineering as well as maximal drug loading into and sustained release from prefabricated gels.

Study on Bioresponsive Gelatin-Hyaluronic Acid-Genipin Hydrogel for High Cell-Density 3D Bioprinting

“…From the figure, Gel 1 is fully cross-linked, and after that, the genipin amount was insufficient to crosslink the higher amount of gelatin, which is responsible for the less irregular surface and cross-section morphology of the hydrogel. Porous morphology and a uniform cross-linked surface are very important for cell adhesion as well as drug encapsulation in ideal biomaterial-based hydrogel scaffolds [ 20 ].…”

“…In recent years, researchers have been modifying HA by incorporating natural polymers, synthetic polymers, or nanoparticles. These modifications are used to develop composite materials, hydrogels, or hydrogel nanocomposites [ 20 , 21 ]. Genipin has been employed as a strong yet safe cross-linker of proteins like collagen, gelatin, and polysaccharides such as chitosan.…”

Incorporation of Cell‐Adhesive Proteins in 3D‐Printed Lipoic Acid‐Maleic Acid‐Poly(Propylene Glycol)‐Based Tough Gel Ink for Cell‐Supportive Microenvironment

“…[53] Rheology Characterization: Rheological studies of control gel and Gelatin-and Albumin-MPLE gels were performed on Brookfield Rheometer (Middleboro, USA) in a parallel plate geometry (diameter: 25 mm, gap: 1 mm). [53,54] The rotational shear-viscosity versus shear rate (0.01-100 s −1 ) was recorded at room temperature (≈26 °C). To further examine the mechanism of photopolymerization of the hydrogels, light source from ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs, 365 nm, 30 mW cm −2 ) was utilized and the irradiation was conducted for a total of 8 min.…”

Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials for 3D Bioprinting in Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Because of its low viscosity, challenging gelation process and modest mechanical properties, hyaluronic acid's application for 3D bioprinting is constrained. To overcome these challenges, hyaluronic acid can be combined with diverse biomaterials, such as peptides and polymeric biomaterials such as chitosan or mechanically stable alginate [38], crosslinked with collagen and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) ether tetra-succinimidyl glutarate or with fucoidan through hydrogen bonding [39]. Also, hyaluronic-acid-based hydrogels can be modified with tyramine and then enzymatically crosslinked through the addition of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide [40].…”