High melatonin solubility in aqueous medium

Shida, Cláudio S.; Castrucci, Ana Maria de Lauro; Lamy, M. Teresa

doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.1994.tb00102.x

Cited by 235 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…In animal experiments, melatonin prevented the induction of free radical damage caused by a variety of conditions including ingestion of toxins, ionizing radiation, ischemia, reperfusion and excessive exercise 192,[195][196][197][198] . Melatonin has a molecular weight of 232 and is both lipid 199,200) and water soluble, although its solubility in lipid is clearly greater 201) . Therapeutic efficacy of melatonin either individually or in combination with succimer (DMSA) was recently studied by us in rats 187) .…”

Section: Melatoninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for Safe and Effective Therapeutic Measures for Chronic Arsenic and Lead Poisoning

Kalia¹,

Flora²

2005

Journal of Occupational Health

266

161

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Strategies for Safe and Effective Therapeutic Measures for Arsenic and LeadPoisoning: Kiran Kalia, et al. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, IndiaExposure to toxic metals remains a widespread occupational and environmental problem in world. There have been a number of reports in the recent past suggesting an incidence of childhood lead poisoning and chronic arsenic poisoning due to contaminated drinking water in many areas of West Bengal in India and Bangladesh has become a national calamity. Low level metal exposure in humans is caused by air, food and water intake. Lead and arsenic generally interferes with a number of body functions such as the central nervous system (CNS), the haematopoietic system, liver and kidneys. Over the past few decades there has been growing awareness and concern that the toxic biochemical and functional effects are occurring at a lower level of metal exposure than those that produce overt clinical and pathological signs and symptoms. Despite many years of research, we are still far from an effective treatment of chronic plumbism and arsenicosis. Medical treatment of acute and chronic lead and arsenic toxicity is furnished by chelating agents. Chelating agents are organic compounds capable of linking together metal ions to form complex ring-like structures called chelates. They have been used clinically as antidotes for acute and chronic poisoning. 2, 3-dimercaprol (BAL) has long been the mainstay of chelation therapy for lead or arsenic poisoning. Meso 2, 3, -dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been tried successfully in animals as well as in a few cases of human lead and arsenic poisoning. DMSA could be a safe and effective method for treating lead or arsenic poisoning, but one of the major disadvantages of chelation with DMSA has been its Review inability to remove lead from the intracellular sites because of its lipophobic nature. Further, it does not provide protection in terms of clinical/ biochemical recovery. A new trend in chelation therapy is to use combined treatment. This includes the use of structurally different chelators or a combination of an adjuvant and a chelator to provide better clinical/ biochemical recovery in addition to lead mobilization. The present review article attempts to provide update information about the current strategies being adopted for a safe, effective and specific treatment for two major toxic metals or metalloid.

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Section: Melatoninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for Safe and Effective Therapeutic Measures for Chronic Arsenic and Lead Poisoning

Kalia¹,

Flora²

2005

Journal of Occupational Health

266

161

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“…Although not frequently studied, both radioimmunoassay as well as immunocytochemical findings show high levels of melatonin in the nucleus and they generally indicate that intracellular concentrations of melatonin exceed those measured in the blood (68). The reported subcellular distribution is consistent with its high lipid solubility (69) as well as with its ability to dissolve in aqueous media (70).…”

Section: Melatonin As An Antioxidantmentioning

confidence: 81%

Aging and oxygen toxicity: Relation to changes in melatonin

Reíter

1997

AGE

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Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a chemical mediator produced in the pineal gland and other sites in the body. The melatonin found in the blood is derived almost exclusively from the pineal gland. Since the pineal synthesizes melatonin primarily at night, blood levels of the indole are also higher at night (5-15 fold) than during the day. Some individuals on a nightly basis produce twice as much melatonin as others of the same age. Throughout life, the melatonin rhythm gradually wanes such that, in advanced age, melatonin production is usually at a minimum. Melatonin was recently found to be a free radical scavenger and antioxidant. It has been shown, in the experimental setting, to protect against both free radical induced DNA damage and oxidative stress-mediated lipid peroxidation. Pharmacologically, melatonin has been shown to reduce oxidative damage caused by such toxins as the chemical carcinogen safrole, carbon tetrachloride, paraquat, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, kainic acid, 8-aminolevulinic and amyloid 13 peptide of AIzheimer's disease as well as a model of Parkinson's disease involving the drug 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Additionally, the oxidative damage caused by agents such as ionizing radiation and excessive exercise is reduced by melatonin. Since free radical-induced molecular injury may play a significant role in aging, melatonin's ability to protect against it suggests a potential function of melatonin in deferring aging and agerelated, free radical-based diseases. Besides its ability to abate oxidative damage, other beneficial features of melatonin may be important in combating the signs of aging; these include melatonin's immune-stimulating function, its sleep-promoting ability, its function as an anti-viral agent, and general protective actions at the cellular level. Definitive tests of the specific functions of physiological levels of melatonin in processes of aging are currently being conducted.

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“…32 Patients with preganglionic sympathectomy owing to cervical cord lesions 33 and diabetics with clinical autonomic neuropathy 34 lack a normal diurnal melatonin rhythm. Melatonin has high lipid 35 and aqueous 36 solubility allowing it to cross the blood-brain barrier into the circulation and into cell organelles.…”

Section: Neuroanatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…74 It also protects against chromosomal damage caused by ionizing radiation and other oxidative stresses. 73 Whereas most antioxidants can only function within certain subcellular compartments, its lipid 35 and aqueous 36 solubility allow access to virtually all parts of the cell.…”

Section: Melatonin and The Lensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light, dark, and melatonin: emerging evidence for the importance of melatonin in ocular physiology

Brennan

Jan

Lyons

2006

Eye

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Melatonin is a hormone, which is mainly produced by the pineal gland, a vestigial eye. Rather than the rods and cones, it is a newly discovered subgroup of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, which is responsible for mediating the light-dark cycles, thus regulating melatonin's secretion. One of the correlates of the circadian rhythm of melatonin release is the habitual sleep pattern. Patients with circadian rhythm sleep disorders, including some blind patients with no light-induced suppression of melatonin, benefit from melatonin treatment. Melatonin is synthesized in the retina, lens, ciliary body as well as other parts of the body. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of melatonin in the eye, as well as the potential therapeutic avenues currently under study.

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High melatonin solubility in aqueous medium

Cited by 235 publications

References 12 publications

Strategies for Safe and Effective Therapeutic Measures for Chronic Arsenic and Lead Poisoning

Strategies for Safe and Effective Therapeutic Measures for Chronic Arsenic and Lead Poisoning

Aging and oxygen toxicity: Relation to changes in melatonin

Light, dark, and melatonin: emerging evidence for the importance of melatonin in ocular physiology

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