High Levels of Hemoglobin Promote Carotid Adventitial Vasa Vasorum Neoangiogenesis in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, characterized by traditional and nontraditional risk factors, are prone to develop atheromatosis and thus cardiovascular events and mortality. The angiogenesis of the adventitial vasa vasorum (aVV) surrounding the carotid has been described as the atheromatosis initiator. Therefore, the aim of the study was to (1) evaluate if the carotid aVV in CKD patients increases in comparison to its physiological value of healthy patients; (2) explore which traditional or nontraditional risk factor including inflammation, bone and mineral metabolism, and anemia could be related to the aVV angiogenesis. CKD patients without previous cardiovascular events (44, stages 3-4; 37, stage 5D) and 65 healthy subjects were compared. The carotid aVV and the intima-media thickness (cIMT) were evaluated by ultrasound. CKD patients at stages 3-4 showed higher aVV of the right carotid artery even after adjusting for age. Importantly, a multiple linear regression model showed hemoglobin levels > 12.5 g/dL as the factor for an estimated higher aVV of the right carotid artery. In conclusion, the association of hemoglobin with higher aVV could suggest the role of high hemoglobin in the higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients.

Relationship between low levels of circulating TRAIL and atheromatosis progression in patients with chronic kidney disease

“…Serum samples were then stored at the centralized biobank of the Spanish Network for Nephrology Research (REDinREN). Biochemical analysis were performed as described in Betriu et al [ 27 ], while morphometric parameters were measured as in Arcidiacono et al [ 31 ]. Serum TRAIL concentration was measured with the commercially available Quantikine ® ELISA kit (# DTRL00, R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions as previously described [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Novel Immune Cell Subsets Exhibit Different Associations With Vascular Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients—Identifying Potential Biomarkers

“…Accordingly, type 2 diabetic patients present a higher left carotid adventitial neovascularization when compared to controls, with the highest aVV density in patients with retinopathy (angiogenesis) despite similar cIMT ( 27 ). Also, increases in aVV and in cIMT also occur in the right carotid artery of CKD stages 3–4 and dialysis patients with higher neovascularization at the earlier CKD stages ( 28 ).…”

Non-invasive imaging techniques and assessment of carotid vasa vasorum neovascularization: Promises and pitfalls

“…The process of VVn is mainly associated to inflammatory mechanisms that are triggered in a wide range of pathologies: HIV, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, psoriasis, obesity, cardiovascular disease and events, etc. (42)(43)(44)(45)(46). In fact, (42)(43)(44)(45)(46) are only a few of the examples that emphasize the importance of VV assessment in multiple clinical contexts and studies, and accentuate the relevance of using imaging technology to investigate…”