High levels of energy expenditure in obese women.

Prentice, Ann; Black, A.; Coward, W. A.; Davies, H. L.; Goldberg, Gail; Murgatroyd, Peter R.; Ashford, J; Sawyer, M. B.; Whitehead, R. G.

doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6526.983

Cited by 552 publications

(326 citation statements)

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“…If our finding that energy requirements suggested by the WHO (FAO=WHO=UNU, 1985) are found to be accurate for use in other non-Western countries in similar future studies, a further question will be why there appears to be a generalized underestimation of energy needs by these equations in Western countries (Prentice et al, 1986;Durnin, 1990a,b;Roberts et al, 1991Roberts et al, ,1992Goran & Poehlman, 1992;Reilly et al, 1993), but not in non-Western countries. One possible explanation might be that in most of the developing countries or countries of economic transition, such as China, an individual's occupational activities are the primary contributor to physical activity-related energy expenditure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Currently, most developing and transitional countries use the 1985 FAO=WHO=UNU (herein referred to as 'WHO') recommendations as a basis for their energy requirements (FAO= WHO=UNU, 1985;Chinese Nutrition Expert Panel, 2000). However, concerns have been raised about the accuracy of the WHO estimates (Prentice et al, 1986;Durnin, 1990a,b;Roberts et al, 1991Roberts et al, ,1992Goran & Poehlman, 1992;Reilly et al, 1993) because they are based on theoretical factorial calculations of energy needs rather than on direct measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) in individuals leading different lifestyles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy requirements of urban Chinese adults with manual or sedentary occupations, determined using the doubly labeled water method

Yao

McCrory

Ma³

et al. 2002

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To examine total energy expenditure (TEE) in relation to occupation and reported leisure time activities in free-living Chinese adults, and to determine whether measured TEE values differ from current international dietary energy recommendations. Setting and subjects: Seventy three weight-maintaining adults aged 35 -49 y, leading unrestricted lives in urban Beijing, with a wide variety of occupations. Design and methods: A cross-sectional study in which TEE was determined by doubly labeled water, body composition by deuterium oxide ( 2 H 2 O) dilution, resting energy expenditure (pREE) by prediction equations, and occupational and leisure time activities by questionnaire. Results: For men and women respectively, TEE averaged 12.10 AE 0.32 and 9.53 AE 0.23 MJ=day (P < 0.001), and physical activity level (PAL ¼ TEE=pREE) was 1.77 AE 0.04 and 1.66 AE 0.02 (P < 0.05). Fat-free mass (FFM) was the single best predictor of TEE (adjusted r 2 ¼ 0.71, P < 0.001). Occupational category (light, moderate and heavy) further predicted TEE, independent of FFM (adjusted multiple r 2 ¼ 0.82, P < 0.001). Both TEE adjusted for weight and PAL increased with occupational category. Measured TEE was slightly but significantly higher than the 1985 FAO=WHO=UNU estimates for women with light occupations, but did not differ from estimates for men with light occupations, or for adults with moderate or heavy occupations. Conclusion: Level of occupational activity, but not duration or type of leisure activity, significantly predicted TEE in free-living urban Chinese adults. Current energy requirement recommendations slightly underestimated the energy needs of women with light occupations but were accurate for men and women with moderate and heavy occupations. Sponsorship: NIH grants DK53404 and F32-DK09747.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy requirements of urban Chinese adults with manual or sedentary occupations, determined using the doubly labeled water method

Yao

McCrory

Ma³

et al. 2002

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…To minimize misreporting, [16][17][18] we carefully trained subjects in completing weighed food records. In order to prevent bias introduced by the enthusiasm of the dietician providing the intervention, 8 careful attention was paid to standardizing the delivery method of the dietary programs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Randomized, multi-center trial of two hypo-energetic diets in obese subjects: high- versus low-fat content

Petersen¹,

Taylor

Saris

et al. 2005

Int J Obes

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Objective: To investigate whether a hypo-energetic low-fat diet is superior to a hypo-energetic high-fat diet for the treatment of obesity. Design: Open-label, 10-week dietary intervention comparing two hypo-energetic (À600 kcal/day) diets with a fat energy percent of 20-25 or 40-45. Subjects: Obese (BMI X30 kg/m 2 ) adult subjects (n ¼ 771), from eight European centers. Measurements: Body weight loss, dropout rates, proportion of subjects who lost more than 10% of initial body weight, blood lipid profile, insulin and glucose. Results: The dietary fat energy percent was 25% in the low-fat group and 40% in the high-fat group (mean difference: 16 (95% confidence interval (CI) 15-17)%). Average weight loss was 6.9 kg in the low-fat group and 6.6 kg in the high-fat group (mean difference: 0.3 (95% CI À0.2 to 0.8) kg). Dropout was 13.6% (n ¼ 53) in the low-fat group and 18.3% (n ¼ 70) in the high-fat group (P ¼ 0.001). Among completers, more subjects lost 410% in the low-fat group than in the high-fat group ((20.8%, n ¼ 70) versus (14.7%, n ¼ 46), P ¼ 0.02). Fasting plasma total, low-density lipoprotein-and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased in both groups, but more so in the low-fat group than in the high-fat group. Fasting plasma insulin and glucose were lowered equally by both diets. Conclusions: The low-fat diet produced similar mean weight loss as the high-fat diet, but resulted in more subjects losing 410% of initial body weight and fewer dropouts. Both diets produced favorable changes in fasting blood lipids, insulin and glucose.

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“…It must seem strange, even to those who are not familiar with ANCOVA, that fundamentally similar data have been expressed relative to body weight to argue that genetically modified animals are obese or lean because they have a reduced or raised EE respectively, but expressed per individual to argue that obese humans are obese (or sustain their obesity) because they overeat. 26,36,37 It is particularly illogical to attempt to interpret energy balance data when food intake is expressed on a whole animal basis, but EE is expressed relative to body weight. 15 At least if both energy intake and expenditure are expressed in the same way, some attempt can be made to determine whether fat accretion or resistance to diet-induced obesity is due to altered intake or expenditure.…”

Section: Comparison Of Energy Expenditure In Lean and Obese Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some mathematical and technical issues in the measurement and interpretation of open-circuit indirect calorimetry in small animals

et al. 2006

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Indirect calorimetry is increasingly used to investigate why compounds or genetic manipulations affect body weight or composition in small animals. This review introduces the principles of indirect (primarily open-circuit) calorimetry and explains some common misunderstandings. It is not widely understood that in open-circuit systems in which carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is not removed from the air leaving the respiratory chamber, measurement of airflow out of the chamber and its oxygen (O 2 ) content paradoxically allows a more reliable estimate of energy expenditure (EE) than of O 2 consumption. If the CO 2 content of the exiting air is also measured, both O 2 consumption and CO 2 production, and hence respiratory quotient (RQ), can be calculated. Respiratory quotient coupled with nitrogen excretion allows the calculation of the relative combustion of the macronutrients only if measurements are over a period where interconversions of macronutrients that alter their pool sizes can be ignored. Changes in rates of O 2 consumption and CO 2 production are not instantly reflected in changes in the concentrations of O 2 and CO 2 in the air leaving the respiratory chamber. Consequently, unless air-flow is high and chamber size is small, or rates of change of O 2 and CO 2 concentrations are included in the calculations, maxima and minima are underestimated and will appear later than their real times. It is widely appreciated that bigger animals with more body tissue will expend more energy than smaller animals. A major issue is how to compare animals correcting for such differences in body size. Comparison of the EE or O 2 consumption per gram body weight of lean and obese animals is misleading because tissues vary in their energy requirements or in how they influence EE in other ways. Moreover, the contribution of fat to EE is lower than that of lean tissue. Use of metabolic mass for normalisation, based on interspecific scaling exponents (0.75 or 0.66), is similarly flawed. It is best to use analysis of covariance to determine the relationship of EE to body mass or fat-free mass within each group, and then test whether this relationship differs between groups.

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High levels of energy expenditure in obese women.

Cited by 552 publications

References 10 publications

Energy requirements of urban Chinese adults with manual or sedentary occupations, determined using the doubly labeled water method

Energy requirements of urban Chinese adults with manual or sedentary occupations, determined using the doubly labeled water method

Randomized, multi-center trial of two hypo-energetic diets in obese subjects: high- versus low-fat content

Some mathematical and technical issues in the measurement and interpretation of open-circuit indirect calorimetry in small animals

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