“…For example, the pET-based plasmid vectors used to replicate genes for heterologous expression in E. coli are commonly over 5 kb [ 4 ]. Likewise, the plasmid vectors used for gene expression in alternative hosts are large, such as the > 10 kb E. coli-Haloferax volcanii shuttle plasmids used to synthesize extremophilicproteins that are active in high salt and organic solvents [ 5 , 6 ].…”