High Level Copper for Growing-Finishing Swine

Wallace, H. D.; McCall, John T.; Bass, B; Gombs, G. E.

doi:10.2527/jas1960.1941153x

Cited by 42 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The increased liver Fe is contrary to the results found in the pig, where high levels of dietary Cu caused reduced Fe storage (Cassidy & Eva, 1958;Ritchie et al 1963) and is at variance with the anaemia observed in chicks given a high level of dietary Cu (Ruszczyc et al 1962), but does agree with the increase found previously for the mature bird (Jackson, 1977). The increase in liver Zn concentration is in conformity with the observation that Cu has a Zn-sparing effect in the pig (Wallace et al 1960;Ritchie et al 1963) although a contrary result has been found by others (O'Hara e l Suttle & Mills, 1966b).…”

Section: Discuss I 0 Nsupporting

confidence: 89%

Effects of the protracted feeding of copper sulphate-supplemented diets to laying, domestic fowl on egg production and on specific tissues, with special reference to mineral content

Jackson¹,

Stevenson²,

Kirkpatrick³

1979

Br J Nutr

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I . Two experiments are reported. In both experiments a cereal-based diet containing 5 mg copper/kg was fed to two breeds of laying hens for 336 d. In Expt I four other groups were given this diet with the addition of CuSO,. 5H,O to give added levels of ZOO, 400, 600 and 800 mg Cu/kg diet. In Expt 2 the levels of added dietary Cu used were IOO, zoo, 300 and 400 mg/kg.2. In Expt I records were kept of food intake, water intake, body-weight and egg production for eight 28 d periods and body-weight and egg number only were recorded for the full twelve periods. In Expt 2 full records, excluding water intake, were taken for all twelve periods.3. Food and water intake showed a quadratic response to level of added dietary Cu, being enhanced at lower levels and depressed at higher levels of addition.4. There was a quadratic response of total egg weight, mean egg weight and egg number to added dietary Cu. In Expt I egg number was maximum at 235 mg added Cu/kg diet for Warren Studler SSL (breed I ) and at 170 mg added Cu/kg diet for Shaver 288 (breed 2). In Expt 2 no breed effect occurred, the maximum egg number being calculated to occur at 176 mg added Cu/kg diet.5. Depression of body-weight gain occurred at high levels of Cu addition. The depression of liver and oviduct weight found at high levels of addition appeared to be directly related to body-weight. A marked amount of feather loss also occurred at a high inclusion of CuSO, in the diet.6. The reproductive systems of the hens did not appear to be adversely affected at the levels of additive used. Gross and microscopic examination of specific tissues revealed no pathological effects although gizzard and intestinal weights were increased and caecal weight decreased by high levels of added Cu. Those aspects of the blood chemistry examined did not reveal any consistent effect between the two experiments.7. The liver Cu analyses indicate that between 600 and 800 mg added Cu/kg diet the liver Cu concentration rises sharply. Both liver Fe and Zn concentrations showed a positive linear response to added dietary Cu. In the kidney Cu and Zn concentrations were increased but only to a limited extent, while the concentration of Fe was unaffected.The effects of adding copper compounds to the diet of the fowl have been briefly reviewed (Jackson, 1977). The growth and food conversion responses of adding Cu compounds to the diet of the growing bird have been statistically analysed (Fisher et al. 1971 ;Fisher, 1973). Th: ir results indicated a quadratic response of body-weight gain and food conversion efficiency to added dietary Cu. This was clearly defined at higher levels due to growth depression, but the positive response at lower levels (up to 300 mg Cu/kg diet) was considered to be real. There was a maximum growth stimulation at approximately 170 mg Cu/kg diet and a maximum food conversion at 140 mg/kg. In the broiler, Janssen ( There have been few studies on the effect of added Cu as salts or oxides in the diet of the laying hen. In a recent study (Jackson, 1977) Cu, as sul...

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Section: Discuss I 0 Nsupporting

confidence: 89%

Effects of the protracted feeding of copper sulphate-supplemented diets to laying, domestic fowl on egg production and on specific tissues, with special reference to mineral content

Jackson¹,

Stevenson²,

Kirkpatrick³

1979

Br J Nutr

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“…The magnitude of the improvement in growth rate and feed:gain ratio was diminished when Cu (as CuSO4) was increased to 375 ppm and was completely lost when the diet was increased to 500 ppm Cu. Longer-term studies with growing-finishing pigs have shown that the feeding of 500 ppm Cu as CuSO4 depressed performance in pigs (Kline et al, 1971(Kline et al, , 1973Prince et al, 1984), and in certain instances, toxicities have been reported (Wallace et al, 1960;NRC, 1980). However, our results indicate that with young pigs fed for a 4-to 5-wk period, 500 ppm Cu does not depress growth rate compared with pigs fed a low-Cu control diet, although it did reduce efficiency of feed utilization in some instances (Table 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Source and Level of Copper on Performance and Liver Copper Stores in Weanling Pigs

Cromwell

Stahly

Monegue

1989

Journal of Animal Science

143

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Five 28- to 33-d experiments involving 460 crossbred pigs weaned at 28 +/- 2 d of age (initial weight, 6.7 to 8.1 kg) were conducted to determine the effects of feeding high dietary levels of Cu sulfate (CuSO4) or Cu oxide (CuO) on rate and efficiency of gain and liver Cu stores of weanling pigs. The pigs were housed in groups of five to six/pen and fed a fortified, unmedicated, corn-soybean meal-dried whey basal diet (1.1% lysine, 30 ppm Cu). In Exp. 1 and 2, pigs (eight replicates) were fed the basal or the basal plus 125 or 250 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or CuO for 28 d. In Exp. 3 and 4, four replications were fed the same diets as in Exp. 1 and 2 plus two additional diets (500 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or CuO). In Exp. 5, dietary levels of 0, 125, 250, 375 or 500 ppm Cu from CuSO4 were evaluated using four replications. At the end of each experiment, the liver from one pig in each pen was collected for Cu analysis. Overall, rate and efficiency of gain were improved (P less than .01) by feeding 125 or 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4, with the 125 ppm dietary level being about 75% as effective in stimulating growth as 250 ppm. Performance of pigs was not different from controls when the highest (500 ppm) level of Cu (from CuSO4) was fed. Liver Cu increased 10- to 70-fold when 250 to 550 ppm Cu from CuSO4 was included in the feed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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“…The work of Bunch, Speer, Hays & McCall(1963) suggests that the growth response to Cu partly depends on the dietary Zn content. In other experiments in which Cu supplements have not produced toxicosis there has been no evidence of an interaction between Cu and Zn affecting the growth response to Cu (Wallace et al 1960;Barber, Braude & Mitchell, 1960).…”

Section: Vol 20mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Treatments. The treatments were: two levels of supplementary Zn (0 and 500 ppm as The composition of the basal diet (Table I) was calculated to resemble that used by Wallace et al (1960) in experiments in which only 250 ppm Cu produced toxicosis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of the toxicity of copper to pigs

Suttle¹,

Mills²

1966

Br J Nutr

115

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1. Six groups of four litter-mate female Large White pigs of about 17 kg live weight were allocated according to a 2×2 factorial design in each of two experiments in which rations containing 0 or 750 ppm copper were offered with either 0 and 500 ppm zinc, or 0 and 750 ppm iron. 2. Severity of toxicosis was assessed by determining aspartate transaminase activity in serum, observing the incidence of jaundice and determining the hemoglobin concentration in whole blood and Cu concentration in serum and liver. 3. Addition of 750 ppm Cu to the diet caused toxicity in nine out of twelve animals; it was most severe after about 4 weeks when two-to five-fold increases in serum Cu and aspartate transaminase levels were found and seven pigs were jaundiced. Serum Cu and aspartate transaminase concentrations and degrees of jaundice were apparently interrelated and returned to normal levels after 6 weeks, suggesting adaptation to the high Cu intake. Growth depression and a microcytic hypochromic anaemia persisted. 4. Addition of 500 ppm Zn or 750 ppm Fe in the presence of 750 ppm Cu eliminated jaundice and produced serum Cu and aspartate transaminase concentrations similar to control values after 4 weeks. Only supplementary Fe afforded protection against anaemia. 5. Variability in the response of the pig to Cu supplements could be partly due to variations in the intake of Fe and Zn. The addition of Fe and Zn supplements to pig diets supplemented with Cu would probably reduce the small risk of causing Cu poisoning.

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High Level Copper for Growing-Finishing Swine

Cited by 42 publications

References 12 publications

Effects of the protracted feeding of copper sulphate-supplemented diets to laying, domestic fowl on egg production and on specific tissues, with special reference to mineral content

Effects of the protracted feeding of copper sulphate-supplemented diets to laying, domestic fowl on egg production and on specific tissues, with special reference to mineral content

Effects of Source and Level of Copper on Performance and Liver Copper Stores in Weanling Pigs

Studies of the toxicity of copper to pigs

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