High‐level athletes’ motivation for sport and susceptibility to doping: The mediating role of eating behaviours

Abstract

High-level Athletes' Motivation for Sport and Susceptibility to Doping: The Mediating 2 Role of Eating Behaviours 3 Introduction 4 The World Anti-Doping Agency Code (2015) defines doping as a violation of one or more 5 anti-doping rules as set forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.8. Petróczi (2007) defined 6 doping as the use of prohibited means to enhance performance with the intention of gaining a 7 competitive advantage over the opponent. As doping behaviours are difficult to capture 8 directly, most studies have focused on attitudes towards doping (e.g., Petróczi & Aidman, 9 2009) and the motivation or intention to do so, taking into account variables such as 10 susceptibility to doping and social appraisal (e.g., Barkoukis, Lazuras, Tsorbatzoudis, & 11 Rodafinos, 2013). Self-determination theory (SDT) has been applied for the prediction of a 12 number of health-related behaviours (e.g., Hagger et al., 2014), including doping (see Chan et 13 al., 2018b, for a review) and eating behaviours (Hagger, Chatzisarantis, & Harris, 2006). 14 However, no research to date has examined these processes together to determine whether 15 and how motivation, eating behaviours, and susceptibility to doping are related. The purpose 16 of the present study was therefore to gain deeper insight into the relationship between 17 motivation for sport and the susceptibility to doping within the SDT framework through the 18 potential mediating role of eating behaviour in this relationship. A deeper understanding of 19 the psychological processes that underlie doping will better equip coaches and other frontline 20 personnel to identify maladaptive behaviours. 21 Sport motivation and susceptibility to doping 22 According to SDT, there are two broad types of motivation: autonomous motivation 23 and controlled motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000, 2008). Autonomous motivation occurs when 24 an individual feels independently and freely engaged in a behaviour. It has been shown to 25 predict intended and actual effort (Deci & Ryan, 1991) and includes intrinsic motivation and

Validation of the Spanish Healthy Lifestyle Questionnaire

“…Research has shown that an intrinsic motivation towards the practice of physical activity will maintain the intention to continue practicing for longer ( Kang et al, 2019 , Lee, 2018 ), and that, in turn, practice of physical activity will trigger the acquisition of other healthy habits ( Carbó-Carreté et al, 2016 , Chacón-Cuberos, Zurita-Ortega, Martínez-Martínez, Olmedo-Moreno, & Castro-Sánchez, 2018 , Rodrigues et al, 2018 ). Studies such as those of Leyton et al, 2020 , Scoffier-Mériaux et al, 2020 , and Vancampfort et al (2018) have assessed motivation, measured using the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) ( Wilson et al, 2006 ), and tested its association with health behaviors such as the intention to be physically active, eating habits, and consumption of harmful substances, respectively. Leyton et al (2020) , for example, found relationships between motivation and intention to be physically active (IPA) via structural equation modelling of the BREQ-3 questionnaire and a Measure of the Intentionality of Being Physically Active (MIBPA; Hein et al, 2004 ).…”

Self‐determination, restrictive eating, and psychological needs: Challenges for young athletes

“…The amotivational factor was not considered in the present study because the participants were athletes and amotivation is the state in which an individual lacks the intention to act (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Based on previous research (Scoffier‐Mériaux et al., 2021), this exercise regulation scale was adjusted by adding the stem “Evaluate your motivation to practice sport” and by slightly rewording some items to better reflect the specific context of sport. To illustrate, the item “I feel guilty if I don't exercise” was changed into “I feel guilty if I don't practice sport.” Each item was measured on a five‐point Likert scale (from 0 = ‘‘not true for me,’’ to 4 = ‘‘very true to me’’).…”

Sports Supplements User Profile Based on Demographic, Sports, and Psychological Variables: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…According to Mudrack et al [ 36 ], who studied Sports Motivation (SM) (i.e., Self-determination in sports), there is a possible correlation between SM and the use of SS or enhancing products (i.e., SS that may contain doping agents, such as oxilofrine, which may be found in fat burners), where participants with SM and anxiety were more likely to use SS [ 34 , 36 ]. In addition, the literature has reported that severe obsessive-compulsive behaviors, such as Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) (i.e., variant of body dysmorphic disorder) and exercise abuse, may also influence in the decision of using SS [ 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

“…Recent literature has studied the correlation between exercise abuse, MD, appearance anxiety, and compulsive behavior [ 36 , 40 ]. Findings have suggested a high risk of exercise abuse and body image disorders in recreational exercisers that used fitness products under no supervision [ 36 , 37 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”