High IQ May “Mask” the Diagnosis of ADHD by Compensating for Deficits in Executive Functions in Treatment-Naïve Adults With ADHD

Milioni, Ana Luiza Vidal; Chaim, Tiffany M.; Cavallet, Mikael; Oliveira, Nathalya Moleda de; Annes, Marco; Santos, Bernardo dos; Louzã, Mário Rodrigues; Silva, Maria Aparecida da; Miguel, Carmen S.; Serpa, Maurício H.; Zanetti, Marcus V.; Busatto, Geraldo F.; Cunha, Paulo Jannuzzi

doi:10.1177/1087054714554933

Cited by 49 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…16 Other studies suggest that IQ is distributed normally within the ADHD population, and that it can be a predictor of better performance and later medical evaluation. [17][18][19] A recent neuroimaging study 20 demonstrated that the co-occurrence of ADHD and high IQ has a different neuroanatomical behavior then the other types (ADHD with normal IQ and ADHD with low IQ). 2 While IQ correlated positively with gray matter volume (r = 0.31) in controls, in the ADHD/high-IQ group, this correlation was negative (r = -0.25).…”

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confidence: 99%

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual giftedness: a study of symptom frequency and minor physical anomalies

Minahim

Rohde

2015

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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Objective: To evaluate the presence of symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in intellectually gifted adults and children. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were performed in children and adults whose intelligence quotient (IQ) had been previously evaluated using Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) test. Seventyseven adults displaying IQ scores above the 98th percentile were assessed using the Adult SelfReport Scale (ASRS-18) for signs of ADHD and a modified Waldrop scale for minor physical anomalies (MPAs). Thirty-nine children (grades 1-5) exhibiting IQ scores above the 99th percentile, as well as an equally matched control group, were assessed for ADHD by teachers using the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham IV Rating Scale (SNAP-IV) as used in the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA-SNAP-IV). Results: In gifted adults, the frequency of ADHD-positive cases was 37.8%, and the total MPA score was significantly associated with ADHD (p o 0.001). In children, the ADHD-positive case frequency was 15.38% in the gifted group and 7.69% in the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 2.18, p = 0.288). Conclusions: The high frequency of ADHD symptoms observed, both in gifted adults and in gifted (and non-gifted) children, further supports the validity of this diagnosis in this population. Furthermore, the significant association between MPAs and ADHD suggests that a neurodevelopmental condition underlies these symptoms.

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confidence: 99%

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual giftedness: a study of symptom frequency and minor physical anomalies

Minahim

Rohde

2015

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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“…For assessing AD, a Stroop test was performed, which is commonly used for evaluating selective attention, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control . Also, it is used for discrimination of individuals with ADHD and without ADHD .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive disorders and sleep in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia

Eyüboğlu

Aslan

Ceylan

et al. 2018

Pediatric Pulmonology

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“…Finally, it has been argued that the cognitive correlates of highly intelligent individuals with ADHD are similar in type and severity as those in average intelligent individuals with ADHD [7,20] but are easily overlooked when compared to typical (i.e., average intelligent) controls [2]. According to this hypothesis, when ADHD and high intelligence occur together, the high intelligence may compensate/mask the ADHD-related impairments [16,[20][21][22][23]. As a consequence, the cognitive correlates of ADHD in highly intelligent individuals are only observed when compared to highly intelligent controls, yet not when compared to average intelligent controls ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1c: "compensating-hypothesis"). ADHD-related problems (such as underachievement at school) may thus be easily overlooked when compared to the typical (average intelligent) classmate [2,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with high intellectual ability

Cadenas

Hartman

Faraone

et al. 2020

J Neurodevelop Disord

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Background: There is an ongoing debate as to whether attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in highly intelligent individuals has a similar presentation as in average intelligent individuals. The aim of this study was to examine the cognitive correlates of ADHD in highly intelligent children and adolescents with ADHD. Method: Two independent samples (N = 204 and N = 84) of (1) high intelligence quotient (IQ) (IQ ≥ 120) children and adolescents with ADHD were used, carefully matched on age, gender, ADHD severity, and IQ with (2) control participants with high intelligence, (3) participants with ADHD with an average intelligence (IQ 90-110), and (4) control participants with an average intelligence. These samples were selected from the Dutch node of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (NeuroIMAGE) and Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) cohorts, respectively, in which a large battery of cognitive tasks was administered. Linear mixed models were used to examine the main effects of ADHD and IQ and their interaction on cognitive performance. Results: ADHD-control group differences were not moderated by IQ; mostly equally large ADHD-control differences in cognitive performance were found for high versus average intelligent groups. The small moderating effects found mostly indicated somewhat milder cognitive problems in highly intelligent individuals with ADHD. Overall, highly intelligent children and adolescents with ADHD performed at the level of the average intelligent control children. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the cognitive profile of ADHD is similar in highly versus average intelligent individuals with ADHD, although ADHD-related cognitive deficits may be easily overlooked in the high intelligence population when compared to the typical (i.e., average intelligent) control group.

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High IQ May “Mask” the Diagnosis of ADHD by Compensating for Deficits in Executive Functions in Treatment-Naïve Adults With ADHD

Cited by 49 publications

References 43 publications

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual giftedness: a study of symptom frequency and minor physical anomalies

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual giftedness: a study of symptom frequency and minor physical anomalies

Neurocognitive disorders and sleep in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia

Cognitive correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with high intellectual ability

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