High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Cognitive Flexibility in Older Adults

Mekari, Said; Neyedli, Heather F.; Fraser, Sarah; O’Brien, Myles W.; Martins, Ricardo; Evans, Kailey; Earle, Meghan; Aucoin, Rachelle; Chiekwe, Joy; Hollohan, Quinn; Kimmerly, Derek S.; Dupuy, O.

doi:10.3390/brainsci10110796

Cited by 42 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Strengths of the study include our large study sample of cognitively impaired and inactive patients, and our long and intense (partly) supervised exercise training, including high intensity interval training [47,48]. Additionally, our patients showed good adherence to the exercise program and physical fitness improved following the exercise intervention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effect of physical exercise on cognitive function after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial (PAM study)

Koevoets

Schagen²,

Ruiter³

et al. 2022

Breast Cancer Res

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Background Up to 60% of breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy is confronted with cognitive problems, which can have a significant impact on daily activities and quality of life (QoL). We investigated whether exercise training improves cognition in chemotherapy-exposed breast cancer patients 2–4 years after diagnosis. Methods Chemotherapy-exposed breast cancer patients, with both self-reported cognitive problems and lower than expected performance on neuropsychological tests, were randomized to an exercise or control group. The 6-month exercise intervention consisted of supervised aerobic and strength training (2 h/week), and Nordic/power walking (2 h/week). Our primary outcome was memory functioning (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; HVLT-R). Secondary outcomes included online neuropsychological tests (Amsterdam Cognition Scan; ACS), self-reported cognition (MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for multiple myeloma; MDASI-MM), physical fitness (relative maximum oxygen uptake; VO2peak), fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory), QoL (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire; EORTC QLQ C-30), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS), and anxiety (HADS). HVLT-R total recall was analyzed with a Fisher exact test for clinically relevant improvement (≥ 5 words). Other outcomes were analyzed using multiple regression analyses adjusted for baseline and stratification factors. Results We randomized 181 patients to the exercise (n = 91) or control group (n = 90). Two-third of the patients attended ≥ 80% of the exercise sessions, and physical fitness significantly improved compared to control patients (B VO2peak 1.4 ml/min/kg, 95%CI:0.6;2.2). No difference in favor of the intervention group was seen on the primary outcome. Significant beneficial intervention effects were found for self-reported cognitive functioning [MDASI-MM severity (B-0.7, 95% CI − 1.2; − 0.1)], fatigue, QoL, and depression. A hypothesis-driven analysis in highly fatigued patients showed positive exercise effects on tested cognitive functioning [ACS Reaction Time (B-26.8, 95% CI − 52.9; − 0.6) and ACS Wordlist Learning (B4.4, 95% CI 0.5; 8.3)]. Conclusions A 6-month exercise intervention improved self-reported cognitive functioning, physical fitness, fatigue, QoL, and depression in chemotherapy-exposed breast cancer patients with cognitive problems. Tested cognitive functioning was not affected. However, subgroup analysis indicated a positive effect of exercise on tested cognitive functioning in highly fatigued patients. Trial Registration Netherlands Trial Registry: Trial NL5924 (NTR6104). Registered 24 October 2016, https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/5924.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effect of physical exercise on cognitive function after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial (PAM study)

Koevoets

Schagen²,

Ruiter³

et al. 2022

Breast Cancer Res

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“…Peak oxygen uptake increased post-intervention in the training group. Not given Mekari et al (2020) [ 35 ] Frequency: 3×/week for 6 weeks Intervals: 15-s intervals at 100% PPO Rest: 15-s passive recovery at 0% PPO Modality: Cycle ergometer VO 2max significantly improved in all groups following training, but HIIT and MCT improved more than RT. The HIIT group had the greatest improvement in VO 2max .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Intensity Interval Training in Older Adults: a Scoping Review

et al. 2021

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High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an increasingly popular form of aerobic exercise which includes bouts of high-intensity exercise interspersed with periods of rest. The health benefits, risks, and optimal design of HIIT are still unclear. Further, most research on HIIT has been done in young and middle-aged adults, and as such, the tolerability and effects in senior populations are less well-known. The purpose of this scoping review was to characterize HIIT research that has been done in older adults including protocols, feasibility, and safety and to identify gaps in the current knowledge. Five databases were searched with variations of the terms, “high-intensity interval training” and “older adults” for experimental or quasi-experimental studies published in or after 2009. Studies were included if they had a treatment group with a mean age of 65 years or older who did HIIT, exclusively. Of 4644 papers identified, 69 met the inclusion criteria. The average duration of training was 7.9 (7.0) weeks (mean [SD]) and protocols ranged widely. The average sample size was 47.0 (65.2) subjects (mean [SD]). Healthy populations were the most studied group (n = 30), followed by subjects with cardiovascular (n = 12) or cardiac disease (n = 9), metabolic dysfunction (n = 8), and others (n = 10). The most common primary outcomes included changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (such as VO2peak) as well as feasibility and safety of the protocols as measured by the number of participant dropouts, adverse events, and compliance rate. HIIT protocols were diverse but were generally well-tolerated and may confer many health advantages to older adults. Larger studies and more research in clinical populations most representative of older adults are needed to further evaluate the clinical effects of HIIT in these groups.

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“…VO 2max [37], endurance capacity [38,39], resting metabolic rate [40], substrate metabolism [41,42], body composition [43], insulin sensitivity [44,45], and cognitive functions [46][47][48]. Besides, interval training has been shown to decrease the risk for cardiovascular diseases [15,25], breast cancer [49], metabolic syndrome [50], osteoarthritis [51,52], and rheumatoid arthritis known to cause lower back pain [53][54][55][56][57] (Figure 1).…”

Section: Interval Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to its time-saving nature and the induced physiological adaptations similar to MICT, HIIT has been ranked first in 2018 [ 35 ] and third in 2019 in Worldwide Fitness Trends [ 36 ]. Growing evidence-based research, both original research and meta-analysis studies, shows that interval training programs ranging from 5 days to 12 months are effective in improving

O 2max [ 37 ], endurance capacity [ 38 , 39 ], resting metabolic rate [ 40 ], substrate metabolism [ 41 , 42 ], body composition [ 43 ], insulin sensitivity [ 44 , 45 ], and cognitive functions [ 46 , 47 , 48 ]. Besides, interval training has been shown to decrease the risk for cardiovascular diseases [ 15 , 25 ], breast cancer [ 49 ], metabolic syndrome [ 50 ], osteoarthritis [ 51 , 52 ], and rheumatoid arthritis known to cause lower back pain [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ] ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Interval Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective

Atakan

Koşar

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Engaging in regular exercise results in a range of physiological adaptations offering benefits for exercise capacity and health, independent of age, gender or the presence of chronic diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that lack of time is a major impediment to exercise, causing physical inactivity worldwide. This issue has resulted in momentum for interval training models known to elicit higher enjoyment and induce adaptations similar to or greater than moderate-intensity continuous training, despite a lower total exercise volume. Although there is no universal definition, high-intensity interval exercise is characterized by repeated short bursts of intense activity, performed with a “near maximal” or “all-out” effort corresponding to ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake or >75% of maximal power, with periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. Research has indicated that high-intensity interval training induces numerous physiological adaptations that improve exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic endurance, anaerobic capacity etc.) and metabolic health in both clinical and healthy (athletes, active and inactive individuals without any apparent disease or disorder) populations. In this paper, a brief history of high-intensity interval training is presented, based on the novel findings of some selected studies on exercise capacity and health, starting from the early 1920s to date. Further, an overview of the mechanisms underlying the physiological adaptations in response to high-intensity interval training is provided.

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High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Cognitive Flexibility in Older Adults

Cited by 42 publications

References 45 publications

Effect of physical exercise on cognitive function after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial (PAM study)

Effect of physical exercise on cognitive function after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial (PAM study)

High-Intensity Interval Training in Older Adults: a Scoping Review

Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective

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