High impedance fault location: Generalized extension for ground faults

High impedance fault modeling and location for transmission line✰

“…Replacing ( 18) and ( 19) in (16) we have (22). Likewise, replacing (20) and ( 21) in (17) we have (23).…”

“…Where b, a 1 , a 2 and a 3 are the set of voltage and current of N phasors according to (30). The set of N phasor are calculated from the fundamental component of the voltages and current [17].…”

“…The FL process is commonly studied for Low Impedance Faults (LIF) [13][14][15]. However, due to the non-linear nature of High Impedance Faults, specialized methods should be proposed [16,17]. To study the HIF location process, three general approaches are adopted: traveling waves, circuit analysis in time domain and circuit analysis in frequency domain.…”

“…In [17,23,24], the circuit analysis in frequency domain is studied. Using this approach, a HIF location mathematical formulation was developed in [23].…”

Transient Fault Detection and Location in Power Distribution Network: A Review of Current Practices and Challenges in Malaysia

“…Currently, the impedance-based technique involves estimating the distance of a fault by using impedance information from a substation, which have been implemented in the Malaysian DS [114][115][116][117]. The voltages and current values are the main parameters in implementing this method [112].…”