High impact exercise is more beneficial than dietary calcium for building bone strength in the growing rat skeleton

Welch, Jo; Turner, Charles H.; Devareddy, Latha; Arjmandi, Bahram H.; Weaver, Connie M.

doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.12.220

Cited by 49 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Several studies have demonstrated that exercise causes bone formation in the rat (27,43,58,59) and prevents bone loss in gonadectomized animals (36,57,63). However, in most of these studies, the animals exercised for longer periods of time than in our current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Short-term voluntary exercise in the rat causes bone modeling without initiating a physiological stress response

Rosa¹,

Firth²,

Blair³

et al. 2010

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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research has revealed a neuroendocrine connection between the skeleton and metabolism. Exercise alters both bone modeling and energy balance and may be useful in further developing our understanding of this complex interplay. However, research in this field requires an animal model of exercise that does not cause a physiological stress response in the exercised subjects. In this study, we develop a model of short-term voluntary exercise in the female rat that causes bone modeling without causing stress. Rats were randomly assigned to one of three age-matched groups: control, tower climbing, and squat exercise (rising to an erect bipedal stance). Exercise for 21 days resulted in bone modeling as assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Fecal corticosterone output was used to assess physiological stress at three time points during the study (preexercise, early exercise, and late in the exercise period). There were no differences in fecal corticosterone levels between groups or time points. This model of voluntary exercise in the rat will be useful for future studies of the influence of exercise on the relationship between skeletal and metabolic health and may be appropriate for investigation of the developmental origins of those effects. computed tomography; corticosterone; exercise; metabolism; stress RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING of the dynamic relationship between body structure and metabolism have revealed a neuroendocrine connection between bone remodeling and energy balance, with both bone and fat acting as endocrine organs (14). The osteoblast-specific protein osteocalcin regulates glucose handling through effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity (33). This action is in turn mediated by the adipokine leptin, which inhibits insulin secretion through direct effects on pancreatic ␤-cells (18) and through inhibition of osteocalcin activity (25). The interplay between bone and metabolism has recently been further elucidated by the discovery that the Forkhead family transcription factor FoxO1, a key regulator of insulin handling in multiple tissues, also acts within the osteoblast to control osteocalcin expression and bioactivity (46).Exercise stimulates modeling of the musculoskeletal system (19, 55, 65), alters metabolism (40), and enhances brain function (17), and thus exercise provides an excellent means of exploring the neuroendocrine connection between bone, fat, and energy balance. The rat model of exercise has been used extensively to study the physiological effects of physical activity using such exercise modalities as swimming (24, 32), running (20,29,41,49,52), jumping (57), tower climbing (43), rising to an erect bipedal stance (11, 64), and weight lifting (62). The effects of exercise on bone have been widely characterized in the rat. Ovariectomized rats undergo changes in bone structure that are nearly identical to those seen in human osteoporosis (28,42), and these animals have proven useful for the study of exercise interventions in osteoporosis treatment (36).In examini...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Short-term voluntary exercise in the rat causes bone modeling without initiating a physiological stress response

Rosa¹,

Firth²,

Blair³

et al. 2010

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…Entretanto, o consumo de bebidas cafeinadas (330 mg cafeína/dia), juntamente com baixa ingestão de cálcio (< 700 mg/dia), estava associado com o aumento no risco de fratura óssea em mulheres adultas (tSAnzi et al, 2008). Dessa forma, acredita-se que, no presente estudo, os efeitos da cafeína sobre a resistência óssea à fratura podem ter sido atenuados em virtude do incremento no diâmetro da diáfise e da utilização de ratas jovens com consumo de 100% da recomendação de cálcio, uma vez que o baixo consumo de cálcio reduz a resistência óssea à fratura em ratas (Welch et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Estudos anteriores mostraram resultados similares aos deste para diâmetro da diáfise em resposta a corrida voluntária, corrida em esteira e saltos em profundidade em ratos e ratas (ShigA et al, 2003;huAng et al, 2002;hondA et al, 2003). Assim, os achados do presente estudo com saltos verticais na água corroboram aqueles reportados com saltos em profundidade fora da água (hondA et al, 2003;Welch et al, 2008) e suportam a ideia de que o exercício de saltos produz estímulos osteogênicos que resultam em maior deposição óssea.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Adaptações positivas do tecido ósseo a diferentes tipos de exercício têm sido observadas em ratos e ratas jovens (ShigA et al, 2003;hondA et al, 2003;huAng et al, 2008) e em humanos jovens de ambos os sexos (linden et al, 2006; tourniS et al, 2010). Diferentes modelos de exercício (corrida em esteira, natação contínua e salto em profundidade) causam efeitos positivos sobre a resistência óssea à fratura em ratos e ratas (huAng et al, 2003;hondA et al, 2003;Welch et al, 2008), apesar de alguns resultados em contrário (Bonnet et al, 2007). Todavia, os efeitos do modelo de saltos verticais realizado na água (oliveirA et al, 2002) sobre a resistência óssea à fratura não são conhecidos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Suplementação com alta dosagem de cafeína não afeta resistência à fratura óssea em ratas submetidas a treinamento de saltos verticais

Gomes¹,

Carneiro‐Júnior²,

Silva³

et al. 2010

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Esporte (Impr.)

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“…Similarly, vitamin D supplementation of 700 to 800 IU per day can reduce the risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures by approximately 25% [11], likely as a result of both increased BMD [10] and a decreased risk for falls [9]. In rodent models, low-calcium diets have been associated with reduced BV/TV in the proximal ulna [130] and ash content, breaking strength, and elastic modulus in the femur [46]. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation increased whole bone stiffness, strength, and toughness in the femur [2] and increased stiffness but decreased maximum load and energy to maximum load in the lumbar spine [92].…”

Section: Environmental Factors Affecting Whole Bone Mechanicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole Bone Mechanics and Bone Quality

Cole

Meulen

2011

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

130

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Background The skeleton plays a critical structural role in bearing functional loads, and failure to do so results in fracture. As we evaluate new therapeutics and consider treatments to prevent skeletal fractures, understanding the basic mechanics underlying whole bone testing and the key principles and characteristics contributing to the structural strength of a bone is critical. Questions/purposes We therefore asked: (1) How are whole bone mechanical tests performed and what are the key outcomes measured? (2) How do the intrinsic characteristics of bone tissue contribute to the mechanical properties of a whole bone? (3) What are the effects of extrinsic characteristics on whole bone mechanical behavior? (4) Do environmental factors affect whole bone mechanical properties? Methods We conducted a PubMed search using specific search terms and limiting our included articles to those related to in vitro testing of whole bones. Basic solid mechanics concepts are summarized in the context of whole bone testing and the determinants of whole bone behavior. Results Whole bone mechanical tests measure structural stiffness and strength from load-deformation data. Whole bone stiffness and strength are a function of total bone mass and the tissue geometric distribution and material properties. Age, sex, genetics, diet, and activity contribute to bone structural performance and affect the incidence of skeletal fractures. Conclusions Understanding and preventing skeletal fractures is clinically important. Laboratory tests of whole bone strength are currently the only measures for in vivo fracture prediction. In the future, combined imaging and engineering models may be able to predict whole bone strength noninvasively.

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High impact exercise is more beneficial than dietary calcium for building bone strength in the growing rat skeleton

Cited by 49 publications

References 45 publications

Short-term voluntary exercise in the rat causes bone modeling without initiating a physiological stress response

Short-term voluntary exercise in the rat causes bone modeling without initiating a physiological stress response

Suplementação com alta dosagem de cafeína não afeta resistência à fratura óssea em ratas submetidas a treinamento de saltos verticais

Whole Bone Mechanics and Bone Quality

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