High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing of Human Milk Increases Apelin and GLP-1 Contents to Modulate Gut Contraction and Glucose Metabolism in Mice Compared to Holder Pasteurization

Abstract

Background: High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is a non-thermal method proposed as an alternative to Holder pasteurization (HoP) for the sterilization of human breast milk (BM). HHP preserves numerous milk bioactive factors that are degraded by HoP, but no data are available for milk apelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), two hormones implicated in the control of glucose metabolism directly and via the gut–brain axis. This study aims to determine the effects of HoP and HHP processing on apelin and GLP-1 concentrations in BM and to test the effect of oral treatments with HoP- and HHP-BM on intestinal contractions and glucose metabolism in adult mice. Methods: Mice were treated by daily oral gavages with HoP- or HHP-BM during one week before intestinal contractions, and glucose tolerance was assessed. mRNA expression of enteric neuronal enzymes known to control intestinal contraction was measured. Results: HoP-BM displayed a reduced concentration of apelin and GLP-1, whereas HHP processing preserved these hormones close to their initial levels in raw milk. Chronic HHP-BM administration to mice increased ileal mRNA nNos expression level leading to a decrease in gut contraction associated with improved glucose tolerance. Conclusion: In comparison to HoP, HPP processing of BM preserves both apelin and GLP-1 and improves glucose tolerance by acting on gut contractions. This study reinforces previous findings demonstrating that HHP processing provides BM with a higher biological value than BM treated by HoP.

Donor human milk treated by high‐pressure processing improves the body growth of growth‐restricted mice pups

“…For example, as BSSL remains active in HHP‐DM, 10 we can postulate that milk triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols can be hydrolyzed and absorbed faster and more efficiently metabolized in HHP‐DM pups. For carbohydrates, we showed in a previous study that a chronic gavage with HoP‐DM and HHP‐DM differentially modulates the velocity of intestinal contractions and glucose metabolism in adult mice 27 . Indeed, we found that HHP‐DM significantly reduced the amplitude of intestinal contractions in the duodenum and ileum which absorbed large amounts of glucose, but also that HHP‐DM mice displayed an improve glucose tolerance through the modulation of the gut–brain axis activity 27 .…”

New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks

“…A growing number of experiments are being conducted to investigate the effect of HPP-treated HM on metabolism and physiology ( Table 6 ). An increase in the expression of antioxidant genes (catalase and super dismutase) and in glucose tolerance was observed in mice fed with HPP-donor milk, as demonstrated by Wemelle et al ( 55 ). Authors also showed a decrease in inflammation markers (F4/80, TNF-α) in these animals.…”

“…Concerning HPP, research so far has been able to show that this methodology would ensure comparable or even improved safety of human milk compared to HoP: most bacteria currently present in human milk, including the vegetative forms of Bacillus cereus , are destroyed by HPP (provided the results will be confirmed in further studies), and antimicrobial activity of HM is preserved. In addition, HPP allows better preservation of nutrients and bioactive components in comparison to HoP ( 24 , 42 , 43 , 48 , 50 , 53 , 55 ). However, the fact that several methodological approaches are used makes extremely difficult to compare studies.…”

“…Clinical studies demonstrating all the benefits of using HPP rather than HoP are still needed before the widespread implementation of HPP into milk bank operations. Research so far, however, has been able to show that HPP would ensure comparable or even improved safety of DHM compared to HoP, in addition to allowing better preservation of nutrients and bioactive components ( 24 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 48 , 50 , 53 , 55 ). As previously shown, preterms’ growth rate during their hospital stay depends on overall quality of lipidome ( 72 ).…”

In Vivo Assessment of Antioxidant Potential of Human Milk Treated by Holder Pasteurization or High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing: A Preliminary Study on Intestinal and Hepatic Markers in Adult Mice

“…Regarding the impact of HHP-DM on Nfe2l2 mRNA expression, one can speculate that the positive impact observed could be due to one (or more) milk components. In fact, we have recently published that the concentration of GLP-1 is increased in HHP milk compared to HoP milk [ 29 ]. It is well established that GLP-1 signaling could activate Nfe2l2 mRNA expression [ 30 , 31 ].…”