High HTLV-1 proviral load, a marker for HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, is also detected in patients with infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1

Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantitation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 proviral load: Addressing the issue of indeterminate HTLV results

“…PVLs in patients with HAM/TSP and other HTLV-1 associated disorders, such as ATL, have previously been shown as higher than those detected in asymptomatic carriers. [3][4][5][6] In addition, HTLV specific antibody levels may correlate with PVL indicating that the prospective analysis of antibody titres and PVLs may used to attempt to predict the outcome of infection 22 and follow the progression of HTLV-1 disease. In the present study, we detected significantly higher PVLs in individuals with HAM/TSP, compared to asymptomatic carriers in a Brazilian HTLV-1 infected population.…”

“…The determinants of the outcome of Human T Lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection remain unclear, however, increased proviral load (PVL) has been associated with HTLV-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and other HTLV-1 associated disorders, [3][4][5][6][7] indicating a predictive role in the pathogenesis of infection. In addition, we recently showed that the frequency of HTLV-2 specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes is positively correlated with PVL.…”

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

“…Higher proviral loads tend to be associated with HAM/ TSP [71][72][73][74][75] , adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma 76 , HTLV-1-associated infective dermatitis 77 , and HTLV-1 uveitis 78 . HAM/TSP patients presented proviral loads in peripheral blood mononuclear cells that were 10-fold higher than those in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers 71 .…”

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infected individuals is associated with high levels of HTLV-1 proviral load

“…13,14 In HTLV-1 infected individuals, the prevalence of KCS is higher in patients with HAM/TSP diagnosis, when compared to asymptomatic individuals. 15 A higher HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) has been found in patients with HTLV-associated diseases, especially HAM/TSP, [16][17][18][19] infective dermatitis, 20 and uveitis 21 compared with proviral load from asymptomatic individuals. A recent study found that patients with KCS who were infected by HTLV-1 had a higher PVL than those without KCS.…”