High harmonic generation at 1 kHz repetition rate with a pulsed valve

Flettner, A.; Günther, Julian; Mason, M. B.; Weichmann, Ulrich; Düren, R.; Gerber, G.

doi:10.1007/s003400100631

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Often, the technological and methodological challenges for the generation and application of attosecond pulses are very different from those for femtosecond pulses. As we are describing our approach with femtosecond resolution we shall concentrate in the following on femtosecond pulses from High Harmonic Generation (HHG) (1,2,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). The applications of such pulses range from spectroscopy (1,2,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) to microscopy (28,29) and coherent diffraction or holography (30)(31)(32)(33).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a vacuum-ultraviolet photon source based on laser high-order harmonic generation

Wernet

Gaudin

Godehusen

et al. 2011

Review of Scientific Instruments

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A laser-based tabletop approach to femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with photons in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) energy range is described. The femtosecond VUV pulses are produced by high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of an amplified femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system. Two generations of the same set up and results from photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase are discussed. In both generations a toroidal grating monochromator was used to select one harmonic in the photon energy range of 20-30 eV. The first generation of the set up was used to perform photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase to determine the bandwidth of the source. We find that our HHG source has a bandwidth of 140±40 meV. The second and current generation is optimized for femtosecond pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy with high flux and a small spot size at the sample of the femtosecond probe pulses. The VUV radiation is focused into the interaction region with a toroidal mirror to a spot smaller than 100 x 100 μm 2 and the flux amounts to 10 10 photons/s at the sample at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The duration of the monochromatized VUV pulses is determined to be 120 femtoseconds resulting in an overall pump-probe time resolution of 135±5 fs. We show how this set up can be used to map the transient valence electronic structure in molecular dissociation.3

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a vacuum-ultraviolet photon source based on laser high-order harmonic generation

Wernet

Gaudin

Godehusen

et al. 2011

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…The output beam from the OPCPA system was focused into a pulsed helium jet by a concave mirror with a focal length of 500 mm. The detail of the pulsed jet is described elsewhere [14,15]. The backing pressure was fixed at 3 bar throughout this experiment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Generation of soft x-ray and water window harmonics using a few-cycle, phase-locked, optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier

et al. 2011

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Multimillijoule, few-cycle, carrier-envelope-phase (CEP)-locked, near-IR pulses at 750 nm from an optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier are applied to the generation of CEP-dependent, soft x-ray high harmonics around the boron K-edge at 188 eV. The dependence on the CEP manifests the phase coherence of high harmonics preserved in the highest-photon energy ever reported. Multimillijoule optical pulses also allow the extension of the cutoff energy up to 325 eV, exceeding the carbon K-edge of the water window. However, in this spectral range, the CEP dependence of harmonic spectra is not observed, suggesting the degradation of temporal coherence due to the heavy ionization of helium atoms.

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“…3,4 Piezodisk pulsed valves were developed and improved by various groups. [5][6][7]10 They operate on the principle of flexing a cylindrical piezo disk when a voltage pulse ͑typically a few hundred to a thousand volts͒ is applied. Pulse widths of about 100-150 s were measured at repetition rates up to 1 kHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The repetition rate of these valves varied between 1 Hz and 1 kHz. The valve reported by Gentry and Giese 3 in 1978 produced gas pulses of a helium beam with a full width at half maximum ͑FWHM͒ down to about 10 s measured 10 cm downstream from the nozzle by a fast ion gauge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A short pulse (7 μs FWHM) and high repetition rate (dc-5kHz) cantilever piezovalve for pulsed atomic and molecular beams

Irimia

Dobrikov

Kortekaas

et al. 2009

Review of Scientific Instruments

102

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In this paper we report on the design and operation of a novel piezovalve for the production of short pulsed atomic or molecular beams. The high speed valve operates on the principle of a cantilever piezo. The only moving part, besides the cantilever piezo itself, is a very small O-ring that forms the vacuum seal. The valve can operate continuous ͑dc͒ and in pulsed mode with the same drive electronics. Pulsed operation has been tested at repetition frequencies up to 5 kHz. The static deflection of the cantilever, as mounted in the valve body, was measured as a function of driving field strength with a confocal microscope. The deflection and high speed dynamical response of the cantilever can be easily changed and optimized for a particular nozzle diameter or repetition rate by a simple adjustment of the free cantilever length. Pulsed molecular beams with a full width at half maximum pulse width as low as 7 s have been measured at a position 10 cm downstream of the nozzle exit. This represents a gas pulse with a length of only 10 mm making it well matched to for instance experiments using laser beams. Such a short pulse with 6 bar backing pressure behind a 150 m nozzle releases about 10 16 particles/pulse and the beam brightness was estimated to be 4 ϫ 10 22 particles/ ͑s str͒. The short pulses of the cantilever piezovalve result in a much reduced gas load in the vacuum system. We demonstrate operation of the pulsed valve with skimmer in a single vacuum chamber pumped by a 520 l/s turbomolecular pump maintaining a pressure of 5 ϫ 10 −6 Torr, which is an excellent vacuum to have the strong and cold skimmed molecular beam interact with laser beams only 10 cm downstream of the nozzle to do velocity map slice imaging with a microchannel-plate imaging detector in a single chamber. The piezovalve produces cold and narrow ͑⌬v / v =2% -3%͒ velocity distributions of molecules seeded in helium or neon at modest backing pressures of only 6 bar. The low gas load of the cantilever valve makes it possible to design very compact single chamber molecular beam machines with high quality cold and intense supersonic beams. The high speed cantilever piezovalve may find broad applicability in experiments where short and strong gas pulses are needed with only modest pumping, the effective use of ͑expensive͒ samples, or the production of cold atomic and molecular beams.

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High harmonic generation at 1 kHz repetition rate with a pulsed valve

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a vacuum-ultraviolet photon source based on laser high-order harmonic generation

Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a vacuum-ultraviolet photon source based on laser high-order harmonic generation

Generation of soft x-ray and water window harmonics using a few-cycle, phase-locked, optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier

A short pulse (7 μs FWHM) and high repetition rate (dc-5kHz) cantilever piezovalve for pulsed atomic and molecular beams

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