High-grain feeding causes strong shifts in ruminal epithelial bacterial community and expression of Toll-like receptor genes in goats

Abstract

High-grain (HG) feeding used in intensive goat production can affect the physiology of the rumen wall, but the changes induced in the epimural bacterial community and host Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are not well understood. In this study, 10 male goats were randomly allocated to two groups and fed either a hay diet (0% grain; n = 5) or an HG diet (65% grain; n = 5). The changes in the ruminal epithelial bacterial community and expression of TLRs during long-term (7 weeks) HG feeding were determined using pyrosequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Principal coordinate analysis and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results showed that HG feeding caused a strong shift in bacterial composition and structure. At the genus level, our data revealed that it increased the relative abundance of taxa Butyrivibrio, unclassified Clostridiales, Mogibacterium, unclassified Anaerolineaceae, and Succiniclasticum, and decreased the proportion of unclassified Ruminococcaceae, unclassified Rikenellaceae, unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae, Howardella, and unclassified Neisseriaceae. The HG-fed goats also exhibited upregulation of the relative mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR3, and TLR5 in the rumen epithelium (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that the increase in TLR expression was associated with changes in the relative abundance of ruminal epithelial bacteria. This study provides a first insight into the adaptive response of ruminal epithelial bacterial populations to HG feeding in goats and shows that these changes were associated with alterations in TLR expression. These findings provide new insight into understanding of host–microbial relationships in ruminants.

Pyrosequencing reveals shifts in the bacterial epimural community relative to dietary concentrate amount in goats

“…Despite all of these studies being conducted on goats, the different results obtained may indicate differences between the luminal core microbiome and CBEM in the rumen. Recently, Liu et al (2015) also found the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria to be most abundant in the CBEM and increasing Firmicutes with highconcentrate diet, which is consistent with our results. Mogibacterium increased with increasing concentrate amount in both studies.…”

“…More recently, Lee et al (2012) used pyrosequencing for the characterization of the microbiome in the goat rumen content and described it as clearly distinct from those of other ruminants. However, the literature lacks information about the caprine bacterial epimural microbiome (CBEM) and little is known about how it adapts to dietary changes (Huo et al, 2014;Han et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2015). This makes it difficult to predict adaptive responses of the CBEM in the rumen.…”

Rumen prokaryotic communities of ruminants under different feeding paradigms on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

“…The prime function of Succiniclasticum ruminis is to ferment succinate and quantitatively convert it to propionate. Succiniclasticum has been shown to exist in many ruminants, including yaks [17,23], cow [73], cattle [39,53], buffaloes [85] and goat [47]. In the present study, it was also found in Tibetan sheep.…”

“…Lin et al [44] found a higher Shannon diversity index for bacteria in a low concentrate diet group (forage:concentrate ratio, 3.24:1) than in a high concentrate diet group (1.58:1). Liu et al [47] discovered significantly higher diversity of a ruminal epithelial bacterial community in goats fed with a hay diet than in those fed with a high-grain diet, indicating that feed composition may influence the diversity index of microorganisms. In addition, PCoA results showed the samples from the NG group of yaks and Tibetan sheep were closer than the TMR group (Fig.…”

Identification of Factors for the Preoperative Prediction of Tumour Subtype and Prognosis in Patients with T1 Lung Adenocarcinoma

“…Two studies showed that lung adenocarcinoma patients with AIS or MIA but no lymph node metastasis had a nearly 100% overall survival rate, whereas those with histologic acinar-, papillary-, solid-, or micropapillary-predominant IAC had relatively poor prognosis [25, 26]. Limited resection has been recently advocated for patients with AIS or MIA because it preserves lung function [27] but is not suitable for patients with IAC.…”