High-grade Radiologic Extra-nodal Extension Predicts Distant Metastasis in Stage II Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Abstract

and were given a second course of radiotherapy. The median follow-up period was 47.7 months (1.8 to 110.6) measured from the start of the reirradiation. IMRT of various types including conventional fractionation scheme, stereotactic radiotherapy, twice-daily (BID) radiation were used to deliver the second course of radiotherapy. The prescribed doses delivered from the different fractionation schemes were converted into Equivalent Dose at 2 Gy per fractions (EQD2) using a/b ratios of 10 Gy and 3 Gy for the disease and fatal complication respectively. The variations of the accrual local control and overall survival at 24 months versus the dose as well as the recurrent GTV volume were analyzed. The relationship between the fatal complication rate and the dose were also studied. Logistic regression was used to fit the dose and volume responses (if applicable) using a computer algorithm software. The significance of the responses were evaluated using the likelihood ratio test at a significance level of pZ0.05. Results: The dose delivered to the tumor ranged from 44.3 Gy to 72 Gy (EQD2). Local control and the rate of fatal complication appear to rise with the dose, but the relationships are not statistically significant (p Z 0.147 and pZ0.054 respectively). The overall survival rises with the dose until around 60 Gy (EQD2) and then falls again. The size of GTV varied significantly from 1.8 cc to 194 cc. The local control shows a significant decreasing trend with GTV volume (p<0.001). A similar trend can be seen on overall survival but has not reached statistical significance (pZ0.061). There is no clear trend or correlation between the fatal complication rate and the GTV volume. A multi-dimensional logistic model was also fitted to the local control versus the target dose and GTV volume. The result suggests that the local control is predominantly affected by the GTV volume as expected from the individual analyses. While local control also has an increasing trend with prescribed dose for smaller GTV, higher prescribed dose does not lead to higher control for large tumors, probably due to both the large tumor mass and the resulting deterioration of dose coverage in a recurrent radiotherapy setting. Conclusion: The GTV volume plays a significant role in the local control of the recurrent diseases. 60 Gy (EQD2) appears to be the optimal dose for achieving the best survival outcome while balancing the probability of local control and fatal complication, but a higher personalized dose based on the multi-dimensional logistic model might be considered for smaller tumors.

Prognostic Value of Nodal Matting on MRI in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients

“…12 A previous study in NPC demonstrated that nodal matting was a high-grade ENS, which could significantly influence the survival outcomes in Stage II NPC patients. 18 In our study, we confirmed the adverse prognostic value of nodal matting for DMFS in NPC patients, while all ENS was not an independent risk factor for DMFS. Therefore, we believe that nodal matting was associated with but different from all ENS.…”

“…11,15,17 A large number of cervical lymph node metastases often occur in patients with NPC, and nodal matting can be observed on MRI in many of these cases. 18 However, the prognostic value of nodal matting in NPC is not clear. In this study, the incidence of nodal matting was 24.6% in patients with NPC, which was comparable to that of 16-27% in cases of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.…”

“…28,29 Thus, matted lymph nodes may mean a higher tumor burden, which will cause faster progression and distant metastasis. 18 Confirmatory studies with pathology results are needed to delineate the biological differences of these tumors.…”

“…Nodal matting is a characteristic of metastatic lymph nodes observed on MRI in NPC patients. 18 It might be possible to identify patients at risk for the development of distant metastasis.…”

“…As NPC patients undergo radiotherapy without surgical treatment, radiologically prognostic and predictive factors are needed to determine patients who have a high risk of distant metastasis and may benefit from systemic treatment or close follow‐up to detect and treat metastases earlier. Nodal matting is a characteristic of metastatic lymph nodes observed on MRI in NPC patients 18 . It might be possible to identify patients at risk for the development of distant metastasis.…”