High-frequency submaximal stimulation over muscle evokes centrally generated forces in human upper limb skeletal muscles

Blouin, Jean‐Sébastien; Walsh, Lee D.; Nickolls, Peter; Gandevia, Simon C.

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90939.2008

Cited by 32 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…As noted in the Blouin et al study (2), as well as in previous studies of centrally mediated "extra" force (cf. Ref.…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

“…The Blouin et al study (2) in this issue of the Journal of Applied Physiology seeks to address these questions by determining the effect of high-frequency percutaneous stimulation of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL), a small muscle with weak monosynaptic Ia input involved in the fine control of thumb flexion. For comparison, they also studied the production of extra force in the biceps brachii muscle, an elbow flexor muscle with a strong monosynaptic Ia input.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Extra” force evoked by percutaneous muscle stimulation: mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications

Powers

2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…As noted in the Blouin et al study (2), as well as in previous studies of centrally mediated "extra" force (cf. Ref.…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Extra” force evoked by percutaneous muscle stimulation: mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications

Powers

2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…1 recruitment, by the activation of motor axons beneath the stimulating electrodes, and central recruitment, by the electrically evoked sensory volley. Confirmation that the central recruitment of motor units contributes to electrically evoked contractions has been provided by experiments in which NMES was applied before and during a complete anaesthetic block of the peripheral nerves between the stimulation location and the spinal cord (Collins et al 2001(Collins et al , 2002aBlouin et al 2009;Lagerquist et al 2009). In these experiments, contractions were larger before the nerve block, when the CNS could contribute to the electrically evoked contraction, than during the nerve block when only transmission along peripheral pathways could contribute.…”

Section: Nmes and The Central Recruitment Of Motor Unitsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation: implications of the electrically evoked sensory volley

et al. 2011

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Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) generates contractions by depolarising axons beneath the stimulating electrodes. The depolarisation of motor axons produces contractions by signals travelling from the stimulation location to the muscle (peripheral pathway), with no involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). The concomitant depolarisation of sensory axons sends a large volley into the CNS and this can contribute to contractions by signals travelling through the spinal cord (central pathway) which may have advantages when NMES is used to restore movement or reduce muscle atrophy. In addition, the electrically evoked sensory volley increases activity in CNS circuits that control movement and this can also enhance neuromuscular function after CNS damage. The first part of this review provides an overview of how peripheral and central pathways contribute to contractions evoked by NMES and describes how differences in NMES parameters affect the balance between transmission along these two pathways. The second part of this review describes how NMES location (i.e. over the nerve trunk or muscle belly) affects transmission along peripheral and central pathways and describes some implications for motor unit recruitment during NMES. The third part of this review summarises some of the effects that the electrically evoked sensory volley has on CNS circuits, and highlights the need to identify optimal stimulation parameters for eliciting plasticity in the CNS. A goal of this work is to identify the best way to utilize the electrically evoked sensory volley generated during NMES to exploit mechanisms inherent to the neuromuscular system and enhance neuromuscular function for rehabilitation.

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“…In humans, the extra forces/torques generated during electrical stimulation at variable frequencies were proposed to evaluate the plateau-like behavior of motoneurons (Collins et al, 2001, 2002; Nickolls et al, 2004; Blouin et al, 2009). The method consists of electrically stimulating muscles or their nerves using surface electrodes at high frequency (>80 Hz).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method consists of electrically stimulating muscles or their nerves using surface electrodes at high frequency (>80 Hz). Extra forces/torques are thought to be mediated by a reflex mechanism, because peripheral nerve block abolished the response (Collins et al, 2001, 2002; Blouin et al, 2009; Lagerquist et al, 2009). However, because the method relies on measuring force or torque produced by the muscle, part or all of the extra forces/torques could be mediated by an intrinsic muscle property.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extra Forces Evoked during Electrical Stimulation of the Muscle or Its Nerve Are Generated and Modulated by a Length-Dependent Intrinsic Property of Muscle in Humans and Cats

Frigon¹,

Thompson²,

Johnson³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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Extra forces or torques are defined as forces or torques that are larger than would be expected from the input or stimuli, which can be mediated by properties intrinsic to motoneurons and/or to the muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine whether extra forces/torques evoked during electrical stimulation of the muscle or its nerve with variable frequency stimulation are modulated by muscle length/joint angle. A secondary aim was to determine whether extra forces/torques are generated by an intrinsic neuronal or muscle property. Experiments were conducted in 14 able-bodied human subjects and in eight adult decerebrate cats. Torque and force were measured in human and cat experiments, respectively. Extra forces/torques were evoked by stimulating muscles with surface electrodes (human experiments) or by stimulating the nerve with cuff electrodes (cat experiments). In humans and cats, extra forces/torques were larger at short muscle lengths, indicating that a similar regulatory mechanism is involved. In decerebrate cats, extra forces and length-dependent modulation were unaffected by intrathecal methoxamine injections, despite evidence of increased spinal excitability, and by transecting the sciatic nerve proximal to the nerve stimulations. Anesthetic nerve block experiments in two human subjects also failed to abolish extra torques and the length-dependent modulation. Therefore, these data indicate that extra forces/torques evoked during electrical stimulation of the muscle or nerve are muscle length-dependent and primarily mediated by an intrinsic muscle property.

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High-frequency submaximal stimulation over muscle evokes centrally generated forces in human upper limb skeletal muscles

Abstract: Blouin JS, Walsh LD, Nickolls P, Gandevia SC. High-frequency submaximal stimulation over muscle evokes centrally generated forces in human upper limb skeletal muscles.

Cited by 32 publications

References 48 publications

“Extra” force evoked by percutaneous muscle stimulation: mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications

“Extra” force evoked by percutaneous muscle stimulation: mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation: implications of the electrically evoked sensory volley

Extra Forces Evoked during Electrical Stimulation of the Muscle or Its Nerve Are Generated and Modulated by a Length-Dependent Intrinsic Property of Muscle in Humans and Cats

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