High frequency of HPV genotypes 59, 66, 52, 51, 39 and 56 in women from Western Mexico

Abstract

Background Human papillomavirus infection is an important factor associated with cervical cancer (CC) development. The prevalence and genotype distribution vary greatly worldwide. Examining local epidemiological data constitutes an important step towards the development of vaccines to prevent CC. In this work, we studied the prevalence of HPV genotypes in women from Western Mexico with the COBAS 4800 and/or Linear Array Genotyping Test (LA). Methods The samples analysed in this study represent a population from Western Mexico, which includes six different states. Our approach was first to test for HPV in cervical samples from women who attended their health clinic for routine gynaecological studies (open-population, n = 3000) by utilizing COBAS 4800. Afterwards, 300 of the HPV-positive samples were randomly selected to be genotyped with LA; finally, we genotyped samples from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN 1, n = 71) and CC (n = 96) with LA. Sociodemographic data of the diverse groups were also compared. Results The overall HPV prevalence among the open-population of women as determined by COBAS 4800 was 12.1% (n = 364/3000). Among the HPV-positive samples, single infections (SI) with HPV16 were detected in 12.4% (n = 45/364), SI with HPV18 were detected in 1.4%, and infection with at least one of the genotypes included in the high-risk HPV pool was detected in 74.5% of the cases. LA analysis of the samples showed that in addition to HPV genotypes 16 and 18, there was a high prevalence of HPV genotypes 59, 66, 52, 51, 39 and 56 in women from Western Mexico. With respect to the sociodemographic data, we found statistically significant differences in the number of pregnancies, the use of hormonal contraceptives and tobacco intake. Conclusions Our data indicate that there is a high prevalence of HPV genotypes which are not covered by the vaccines currently available in Mexico; therefore, it is necessary to include HPVs 59, 66, 51, 39 and 56 in the design of future vaccines to reduce the risk of CC development. It is also essential to emphasize that the use of hormonal contraceptives and tobacco smoking are risk factors for CC development in addition to the presence of HPV.

Risks for cervical abnormalities in women with non‐16/18 high‐risk human papillomavirus infections in south Shanghai, China

“…A growing number of studies indicate that the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV varies by countries and regions. 2,9,[12][13][14]18 The overall prevalence of non-16/18 high-risk HPV genotypes also varies with the population studied. The large Addressing the Need for Advanced HPV Diagnostics (ATHENA) trial revealed that HPV16 was the most prevalent genotype, followed by HPV52, 31, and 18.…”

“…Virtually all cervical cancers are associated with HPV. A growing number of studies indicate that the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV varies by countries and regions 2,9,12–14,18 . The overall prevalence of non‐16/18 high‐risk HPV genotypes also varies with the population studied.…”

“…8 A number of studies have shown that the HPV infection profile varies greatly in different regions. 2,[9][10][11][12][13] The current study retrospectively analyzed the data of 2291 patients who underwent colposcopy and cervical biopsy due to HPV infection in south Shanghai, and explored the characteristics of non-16/18 HPV prevalence in this region and the related risk of cervical abnormalities, further to provide reference for the development of more regionally-targeted cervical cancer prevention and screening strategies.…”

Human Papillomavirus Types Associated with Cervical Dysplasia among HIV- and Non-HIV-Infected Women Attending Reproductive Health Clinics in Eastern Kenya

“…Women aged below 35 years of age had a high rate of mixed HPV genotypes and a significant association between HIV infection and abnormal cytology outcome which agrees with published observations [ 5 ]. A possible explanation is that HIV infection may have facilitated cervical dysplasia in young women, and an inverse relationship of high-risk HPV prevalence and age has been described [ 20 ].…”

“…This study concurs with other studies that have shown high HPV infection rate among secondary school educated women. This is attributed to a higher risky sexual behaviour and low knowledge on HPV and associated risk factors as reported among young women in South Africa [ 20 , 21 ].…”