“…Furthermore, it is suitable for the early design stages and can provide quick preliminary results, serving as a validation method for the integrated design of the solar-powered UAV body and power system. In future research, further optimization of the solar-powered UAV's airframe can be conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods [10][11][12][13][14][15], particularly in addressing complex fluid dynamics issues, including turbulence, three-dimensional flow, and multiphase flow [16]. In the preliminary design stage, it is essential to determine the overall parameters of the UAV, including wing area and flight speed, while considering the efficiency and characteristics of the energy management system.…”