High-energy phosphates in the frontal lobe correlate with Wisconsin Card Sort Test performance in controls, not in schizophrenics: a 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopic and neuropsychological investigation

Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in schizophrenia

“…For the location of data acquisition 14 studies used chemical shift imaging (CSI) whereas the rest used a-priori defined regions of interest, either single or multiple voxels. There were overlaps in subjects and/or 31 P MRS data between several studies: 13/16 of patient and control scans in Miller et al, 2012were included in Miller et al, 2009subjects in Theberge et al, 2004, Jensen et al, 2006, Volz et al, 1997aand Volz 1998b were subsets of cohorts in Jensen et al, 2002, Volz et al, 1997band Volz et al, 1998astudies, respectively. Also, sample in Volz et al, 1997b study consisted of 10 MF patients in addition to the medicated patients in Volz et al, 1998a, and included separate analysis for MF and medicated patients.…”

“…These studies also report contradictory results for both PME and PDE. Reductions in PME in the dlPFC (Williamson et al, 1991;Stanley et al, 1994;PCho in Potwarka et al, 1999), FL (Kato et al, 1995) and prefrontal region (Hinsberger et al, 1997;PEth and PC in Jensen et al, 2002) have been reported but so have elevations (Volz et al, 1998b;Shirayama et al, 2004), and the remaining studies did not find any differences. For PDE, 3 studies reported reductions in FL (Du et al, 2014) and PFC (Volz et al, 1997a;GroPCho and GroPEth in Jensen et al, 2002), 4 found elevations in FL (Deicken et al, 1994) and PFC (Volz et al, 1998;Potwarka et al, 1999;only GroPCho in Shirayama et al, 2004), and the rest did not find any differences in this metabolite.…”

“…Finally, Nenadic and colleagues found significant correlations with severity of auditory halluacinations and PDE, PME and Pi and PCr concentrations in the left superior temporal gyrus. Several other studies examined correlations as secondary measures using different instruments (O'Callaghan et al, 1991;Calabrese et al, 1992;Deicken et al, 1994Deicken et al, , 1995Kato et al, 1995;Keshavan et al, 1995;Stanley et al, 1995;Fukuzako et al, 1996;Hinsberger et al, 1997;Shioiri et al, 1997;Volz et al, 1997aVolz et al, , 1997bVolz et al, , 1998Volz et al, , 1998bFukuzako et al, 1999;Potwarka et al, 1999;Jensen et al, 2002;Yacubian et al, 2002;Jayakumar et al, 2003Jayakumar et al, , 2006Jensen et al, 2004;Smesny et al, 2007;Miller et al, 2009;Jayakumar et al, 2010;Miller et al, 2012;Weber-Fahr et al, 2013;Du et al, 2014). Among these, three studies tested the relation of negative symptoms with 31 P measures in FL, similar to Shioiri et al (1994) study, however results were not consistent (Kato et al, 1995;Keshavan et al, 1995;Yacubian et al, 2002).…”

“…Finally, few studies tested the relation of cognitive performance (Volz et al, 1998b;Yacubian et al, 2002;Weber-Fahr et al, 2013) with 31 P MRS measures. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance was correlated inversely with ATP in the FL (Yacubian et al, 2002), and positively with GroPEth in the frontal cortex, cingulate cortex and brain stem (Weber-Fahr et al, 2013).…”

Multi-chemical networking profile of the living human brain: potential relevance to molecular studies of cognition and behavior in normal and diseased brain

“…However, recent 31 phosphorous-MRS study demonstrated correlation between performance in a specific frontal lobe task (Wisconsin Card Sort Test) and frontal high-energy phosphates (Volz et al, 1998). Biochemical markers of cognition (NAA) and intelligence (NAA and Cho) have been suggested using 1 H MRS (Jung et al, 1999a,b).…”