High-Energy Extragalactic Neutrino Astrophysics

Abstract

The detection of an astrophysical flux of neutrinos in the TeV-PeV energy range by the IceCube observatory has opened new possibilities for the study of extreme cosmic accelerators. The apparent isotropy of the neutrino arrival directions favors an extragalactic origin for this flux, potentially created by a large population of distant sources. Recent evidence for the detection of neutrino emission from extragalactic sources include the active galaxies TXS 0506+056 and NGC 1068. We here review the current status of the search for the sources of the high-energy neutrino flux, concentrating on its extragalactic contribution. We discuss the implications of these observations for multimessenger studies of cosmic sources and present an outlook for how additional observations by current and future instruments will help address fundamental questions in the emerging field of high-energy neutrino astronomy.

Investigation of Current, Temperature, and Concentration Distribution of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Mathematical Modelling Approach

“…Among different types of fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells attract a lot of attention because of their advantages like being safer than fuel cells with liquid electrolytes and higher efficiency at high temperatures. Not only SOFCs have high-energy efficiency and power density, but also they emit low or zero amounts of pollutants and, because they work at high temperatures (600-1000 ᵒC) they can use various materials as fuel (hydrocarbons, hydrogen or ammonia) (Delibaş et al, 2022;Hussain & Yangping, 2020;Kurahashi et al, 2022;Laosiripojana et al, 2009).…”

“…al., 2016). In the cathode, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) happens, as (1.1), and then the oxygen transfers to the anode through the electrolyte and in the anode, where the hydrogen turn to the proton, oxygen ions and protons react and turn to water, as (2.1) (Aydın, Matsumoto, & Shiratori, 2021;Kurahashi, Murase, & Santander, 2022;Stambouli & Traversa, 2002).…”

High energy particles from young supernovae: gamma-ray and neutrino connections

“…The IceCube Neutrino Observatory routinely detects high-energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin, whose origin remains unknown [1][2][3][4]. Various source classes have been proposed to explain the IceCube neutrino flux [5][6][7][8], such as galaxy clusters, (low-luminosity or chocked) gamma-ray bursts, tidal distruption events, star-forming galaxies, and supernovae (SNe) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. However, none of these sources can fully explain the IceCube data, hinting that more than one source class contributes to the overall observed flux [22,23].…”