High energy density lithium cells

Eichinger, G.; Besenhard, Jürgen

doi:10.1016/s0022-0728(76)80072-1

Cited by 130 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…Moreover, an indispensable condition for these two reactions is, that the carbon material employed must be a well orientated graphite. This illustrates, that a deterioration of the host lattice, originating, for example, from cycling the electrode, affects the overall chemistry [27,28].…”

Section: Electrochemical Intercalationmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…This is directly related to the intercalation mechanism. There exist four main routes to carry out intercalation in graphite: (i) two-zone vapor transport developed in 1981 by Dresselhaus et al [2], (ii) electrochemical intercalation, highly interesting since 1970 due to the first lithium/graphite fluoride battery system [27,28], (iii) more recently: wet chemical functionalization of graphite which was first introduced to intercalate carbon nanotubes [29][30][31] and further on adapted for graphite [32,33] looking for bulk productions of graphene, (iv) in-situ intercalation by vapor transport and subsequent annealing in UHV and HV environments [7]. The latter is an adapted version of the two-zone vapor transport method.…”

Section: Preparation Of Gicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphite intercalation compounds under electrochemical intercalation have been produced with the aim of improving batteries [27,28]. This process involves graphitic electrodes immersed in an electrolytic solution with a chemically and mechanically stable host (graphite in this case) which acts as a breathing matrix where ions can be sucked-on and in a discharge process the charge can be expelled-out.…”

Section: Electrochemical Intercalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Raman spectroscopy of graphite intercalation compounds: Charge transfer, strain, and electron–phonon coupling in graphene layers

Chacón-Torres

Wirtz

Pichler

2014

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are an interesting and highly studied field since 1970's. It has gained renewed interest since the discovery of superconductivity at high temperature for CaC 6 and the rise of graphene. Intercalation is a technique used to introduce atoms or molecules into the structure of a host material. Intercalation of alkali metals in graphite has shown to be a controllable procedure recently used as a scalable technique for bulk production of graphene, and nano-ribbons by induced exfoliation of graphite. It also creates supra-molecular interactions between the host and the intercalant, inducing changes in the electronic, mechanical, and physical properties of the host. GICs are the mother system of intercalation also employed in fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon-composites. We will show how a combination of Raman and ab-initio calculations of the density and the electronic band structure in GICs can serve as a tool to elucidate the electronic structure, electron-phonon coupling, charge transfer, and lattice parameters of GICs and the graphene layers within. This knowledge of GICs is of high importance to understand superconductivity and to set the basis for applications with GICs, graphene and other nano-carbon based materials like nanocomposites in batteries and nanoelectronic devices.

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Section: Electrochemical Intercalationmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Preparation Of Gicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemical Intercalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Raman spectroscopy of graphite intercalation compounds: Charge transfer, strain, and electron–phonon coupling in graphene layers

Chacón-Torres

Wirtz

Pichler

2014

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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“…The improvement of capacity and cyclic durability of the Li/S battery can be attained by solving the polysulfide dissolution problem. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Thus, these results imply that the nanosized Mg 0.6 Ni 0.4 O additives prevent and retard the polysulfide dissolution into the liquid electrolyte by adsorbing polysulfides physically within the sulfur cathode. Figure 6 shows the amount of sulfur dissolved in the liquid electrolyte with cycling.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nanosized Adsorbing Material on Electrochemical Properties of Sulfur Cathodes for Li/S Secondary Batteries

Song

Han

Kim

et al. 2004

J. Electrochem. Soc.

212

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In order to prevent polysulfide dissolution into liquid electrolytes and to promote the Li/S redox reaction (16Li ϩ S 8 ↔ Li 2 Sn ↔ Li 2 S), nanosized Mg 0.6 Ni 0.4 O, which has the catalytic effect of chemical bond dissociating and is expected to have an adsorbing effect due to the effect of retaining liquid electrolyte of MgO in a Li/iron sulfide secondary battery, 16 was prepared by the sol-gel method as an electrochemically inactive additive for an elemental sulfur cathode for Li/S rechargeable batteries. The Li/S battery using an elemental sulfur cathode with a nanosized Mg 0.6 Ni 0.4 O added showed the improvement of not only the discharge capacity but also cycle durability ͑maximum discharge capacity: 1185 mAh/g sulfur, C 50 /C 1 ϭ 85%). The rate capability of the sulfur cathode was also increased with the addition of the nanosized Mg 0.6 Ni 0.4 O. From the results, it is confirmed that the nanosized Mg 0.6 Ni 0.4 O had the polysulfide adsorbing effect and the catalytic effect of promoting Li/S redox reaction. Furthermore, it is found that the nanosized Mg 0.6 Ni 0.4 O also increased the porosity of the sulfur cathode.

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“…Besenhard and Eichinger, who proposed this material as an anode in 1976 in lithium cell using Li salt dissolved in aprotic organic solvent, i.e., propylene carbonate (PC) or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), as electrolyte [49,50]. Still the restriction of the use of the graphite as a cathode material at that time came from the lack of a suitable electrolyte, a problem that was solved by Michel Armand and Michel Duclot using a PEO-polymer electrolyte [51].…”

Section: The Negative Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

Critical review on lithium-ion batteries: are they safe? Sustainable?

Mauger

Julien

2017

Ionics

170

113

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The goal of this critical review is to explain why the safety problem raised by the lithium batteries must be considered. The performance of the batteries with different chemistries is compared and analyzed, with emphasis on the safety aspects, in addition to the electrochemical properties of the cells. Problems encountered with cathode materials (layered compounds, spinel and olivine), anode materials (graphite and lithium titanate), electrolytes, lithium salts, and separators are pointed out. In this critical review, we also discuss the place of the lithium batteries in the context of sustainable energies (electric vehicles, smart grid).

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High energy density lithium cells

Cited by 130 publications

References 100 publications

Raman spectroscopy of graphite intercalation compounds: Charge transfer, strain, and electron–phonon coupling in graphene layers

Raman spectroscopy of graphite intercalation compounds: Charge transfer, strain, and electron–phonon coupling in graphene layers

Effects of Nanosized Adsorbing Material on Electrochemical Properties of Sulfur Cathodes for Li/S Secondary Batteries

Critical review on lithium-ion batteries: are they safe? Sustainable?

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