“…For all investigated BCAs, the storage of Br 2 in the aqueous electrolyte in the form of Br 5 − predominates, followed by storage in Br 3 − and finally storage in Br 7 − . This is in accordance with earlier studies on pure BCA-free HBr/Br 2 /H 2 O-electrolytes [ 65 ], leading to the result that [BCA] + has only a minor influence on the fractions of Br 2 in the different polybromide species in the aqueous solution. For SoC < 40%, the n -hexyl side chain BCAs [C6Py]Br and [C6MIm]Br have a slightly increased Br 2 content in Br 3 − , which means that less Br 2 is distributed to the Br 5 − and Br 7 − anions.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 93%
“…Presumably, a better solvation of the more stable Br 3 − compared to Br 5 − is present. This effect is obtained also for BCA-free HBr/Br 2 /Br − solutions [ 65 ]. Since the Br 2 concentration of c(Br 2 (aq)) < 0.35 M and the distribution of Br 2 to the polybromides is relatively constant in the whole range, no specific influence of this distribution on the performance or individual parameters is given and therefore cannot be discussed.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 67%
“…In general, for SoC ≥ 80% the Br 2 concentrations rise only slowly or form a plateau. In that range, the solubility of Br 2 in the aqueous solution is limited by a lack of bromide ions to form polybromides, known from BCA-free electrolytes [ 65 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Applying this theoretical assumption, the current densities of i = 723 mA cm −2 for c(Br 2 ) = 0.3 M, i = 482 mA cm −2 for c(Br 2 ) = 0.2 M and i = 241 mA cm −2 for c(Br 2 ) = 0.1 M would be possible in a cell with a geometrically active electrode/membrane area of 40 cm² and a volume flow rate of 30 mL min −1 . Data for this cell are described in [ 65 ]. For electrolytes with lower concentrations, the possible current densities would decrease further.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For a deeper understanding of the complexation behavior of the different BCAs, the Raman spectra of the aqueous phase have been analyzed regarding the distribution of bromine in the different polybromides. The method has been described in our earlier work [ 65 ]. The distribution of Br 2 on Br 3 − , Br 5 − and Br 7 − is shown in Figure 7 .…”
Bromine complexing agents (BCAs) are used to reduce the vapor pressure of bromine in the aqueous electrolytes of bromine flow batteries. BCAs bind hazardous, volatile bromine by forming a second, heavy liquid fused salt. The properties of BCAs in a strongly acidic bromine electrolyte are largely unexplored. A total of 38 different quaternary ammonium halides are investigated ex situ regarding their properties and applicability in bromine electrolytes as BCAs. The focus is on the development of safe and performant HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 180 Ah L−1 for hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries (H2/Br2-RFB). Stable liquid fused salts, moderate bromine complexation, large conductivities and large redox potentials in the aqueous phase of the electrolytes are investigated in order to determine the most applicable BCA for this kind of electrolyte. A detailed study on the properties of BCA cations in these parameters is provided for the first time, as well as for electrolyte mixtures at different states of charge of the electrolyte. 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium bromide [C2Py]Br is selected from 38 BCAs based on its properties as a BCA that should be focused on for application in electrolytes for H2/Br2-RFB in the future.
“…For all investigated BCAs, the storage of Br 2 in the aqueous electrolyte in the form of Br 5 − predominates, followed by storage in Br 3 − and finally storage in Br 7 − . This is in accordance with earlier studies on pure BCA-free HBr/Br 2 /H 2 O-electrolytes [ 65 ], leading to the result that [BCA] + has only a minor influence on the fractions of Br 2 in the different polybromide species in the aqueous solution. For SoC < 40%, the n -hexyl side chain BCAs [C6Py]Br and [C6MIm]Br have a slightly increased Br 2 content in Br 3 − , which means that less Br 2 is distributed to the Br 5 − and Br 7 − anions.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 93%
“…Presumably, a better solvation of the more stable Br 3 − compared to Br 5 − is present. This effect is obtained also for BCA-free HBr/Br 2 /Br − solutions [ 65 ]. Since the Br 2 concentration of c(Br 2 (aq)) < 0.35 M and the distribution of Br 2 to the polybromides is relatively constant in the whole range, no specific influence of this distribution on the performance or individual parameters is given and therefore cannot be discussed.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 67%
“…In general, for SoC ≥ 80% the Br 2 concentrations rise only slowly or form a plateau. In that range, the solubility of Br 2 in the aqueous solution is limited by a lack of bromide ions to form polybromides, known from BCA-free electrolytes [ 65 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Applying this theoretical assumption, the current densities of i = 723 mA cm −2 for c(Br 2 ) = 0.3 M, i = 482 mA cm −2 for c(Br 2 ) = 0.2 M and i = 241 mA cm −2 for c(Br 2 ) = 0.1 M would be possible in a cell with a geometrically active electrode/membrane area of 40 cm² and a volume flow rate of 30 mL min −1 . Data for this cell are described in [ 65 ]. For electrolytes with lower concentrations, the possible current densities would decrease further.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For a deeper understanding of the complexation behavior of the different BCAs, the Raman spectra of the aqueous phase have been analyzed regarding the distribution of bromine in the different polybromides. The method has been described in our earlier work [ 65 ]. The distribution of Br 2 on Br 3 − , Br 5 − and Br 7 − is shown in Figure 7 .…”
Bromine complexing agents (BCAs) are used to reduce the vapor pressure of bromine in the aqueous electrolytes of bromine flow batteries. BCAs bind hazardous, volatile bromine by forming a second, heavy liquid fused salt. The properties of BCAs in a strongly acidic bromine electrolyte are largely unexplored. A total of 38 different quaternary ammonium halides are investigated ex situ regarding their properties and applicability in bromine electrolytes as BCAs. The focus is on the development of safe and performant HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 180 Ah L−1 for hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries (H2/Br2-RFB). Stable liquid fused salts, moderate bromine complexation, large conductivities and large redox potentials in the aqueous phase of the electrolytes are investigated in order to determine the most applicable BCA for this kind of electrolyte. A detailed study on the properties of BCA cations in these parameters is provided for the first time, as well as for electrolyte mixtures at different states of charge of the electrolyte. 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium bromide [C2Py]Br is selected from 38 BCAs based on its properties as a BCA that should be focused on for application in electrolytes for H2/Br2-RFB in the future.
Bromine complexing agents (BCA) in aqueous electrolytes for hydrogen bromine flow batteries are used to reduce bromine‘s vapour pressure, while an insoluble and liquid fused salt is formed. The properties (concentrations, composition, conductivity and viscosity) of this fused salt are investigated in this study systematically ex situ by using 7 BCAs at different state of charge in HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 179.6 Ah L−1. Bromine is stored in the fused salt at concentrations up to 13.6 M, reaching theoretical volumetrical capacities up to 730 Ah L−1 in fused salts. The fused salt consists of a pure, bromine‐ and water‐free ionic liquid of organic [BCA]+ cations and polybromides, and its conductivity bases on a hopping mechanism among the polybromides. Alkyl side chain length of the BCAs and distribution of polybromides influence strongly the conductivity and viscosity of the fused salts. 1‐ethylpyridin‐1‐iumbromide results to be favoured BCA for application.
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