High-efficiency mechanically assisted alkaline extraction of nanoparticles from biological tissues for spICP-MS analysis

Comparative study of extraction methods of silver species from faeces of animals fed with silver-based nanomaterials

“…In the literature, Vidmar et al [ 18 ] observed a slight shift of AgNPs in placental tissue to a larger size using the TMAH extraction; however, the author stated that TMAH alone does not lead to particle formation in the absence of biological matrix; besides, the tissue spiking gave similar size distribution of that of pristine AgNPs. Then, alkaline extraction is a useful extraction method since it does not change the size of the particles which agrees with what is said in the bibliography [ 11 , 22 – 24 ], but it is not a suitable extraction method for Ag(I) due to the precipitation observed in the Ag(I) spiked solutions.…”

“…TMAH extraction was used in the bibliography to extract AgNPs from several biological tissues [ 11 , 12 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 42 ]. TMAH is capable to digest organic and biological matrices due to its ability to break down the disulphide chemical bonds of proteins [ 12 , 22 ] without changes in the Ag(I) and AgNPs.…”

“…Jiménez-Lamana et al [ 15 ] used cysteine to stabilize Ag(I) and Triton X-100 as a surfactant to stabilize AgNPs. The use of surfactants was reported in other studies [ 22 , 24 , 25 ] to prevent the loss of NPs and to recover the total spiked Ag. Gao et al [ 24 ] also studied the process of sample grinding and concluded that it improved NP extraction leading to recoveries of nearly 100% for gold nanoparticles in mice organs.…”

“…The use of surfactants was reported in other studies [ 22 , 24 , 25 ] to prevent the loss of NPs and to recover the total spiked Ag. Gao et al [ 24 ] also studied the process of sample grinding and concluded that it improved NP extraction leading to recoveries of nearly 100% for gold nanoparticles in mice organs. Enzymatic extraction is used for its ability to extract NPs without alterations from the tissues [ 21 ].…”

Particle-size-dependent biological distribution of gold nanoparticles after interstitial injection

“…26 Tail vein injection (IV) was used as a control. To assess the distribution of the AuNPs in the organs and tissues, single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICPMS) was used; importantly, spICPMS has high sensitivity, reaching detection limits as low as 2000 nanoparticles, 27 making it a key technique for assessing the biological distribution of metal nanoparticles. [28][29][30] Therefore, in this study, spICPMS was used to track the distribution of AuNPs in various organs and blood at different periods after administration by IV and interstitial injection.…”