High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes Identified in Cryptosporidiosis Acquired in Sweden and Abroad

Lebbad, Marianne; Winiecka-Krusnell, Jadwiga; Stensvold, Christen Rune; Beser, Jessica

doi:10.3390/pathogens10050523

Cited by 39 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(146 reference statements)

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“…Like C. parvum , C. ubiquitum (previously cervine genotype) also has a wide host range and is commonly detected in both domestic and wild ruminants, rodents, carnivores, primates, and humans, particularly in industrialised countries [ 44 , 51 , 52 , 139 , 149 , 150 ]. Both gp60 and MLST tools have been developed for C. ubiquitum [ 44 , 150 ].…”

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subtype families XIIe and XIIf are also found in rodents but at present have only been identified in the Slovak Republic [ 44 ]. In France and Sweden, XIIb and XIId subtype families have been reported in humans [ 51 , 52 ]. MLST analysis has also re-affirmed that XIIa is ruminant-adapted and XIIb, XIIc and XIId subtype families are rodent-adapted [ 150 ].…”

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The horse genotype is commonly reported in donkeys and horses [ 135 , 137 , 138 ]. Typing of the horse genotype at the gp60 locus has identified subtype families VIa, VIb and VIc [ 31 , 51 ]. Subtype VIaA15G4 is one of the most common subtypes identified in horses and donkeys, with subtype VIbA13 and VIaA14G4 identified in a hedgehog and calf respectively [ 135 ].…”

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subtype VIaA15G4 is one of the most common subtypes identified in horses and donkeys, with subtype VIbA13 and VIaA14G4 identified in a hedgehog and calf respectively [ 135 ]. The horse genotype (subtype VIcA16) has been identified in a traveller to Sweden [ 51 ], an 18-year-old symptomatic patient from the US (subtype VIbA13) [ 104 ], a symptomatic 30-year-old immunocompetent woman from the rural UK (subtype VIbA13) [ 105 ] and in two adult females from the UK [ 82 ].…”

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

Ryan

Zahedi

Feng

et al. 2021

Animals

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The enteric parasite, Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. No effective therapeutics or vaccines are available and therefore control is dependent on understanding transmission dynamics. The development of molecular detection and typing tools has resulted in the identification of a large number of cryptic species and genotypes and facilitated our understanding of their potential for zoonotic transmission. Of the 44 recognised Cryptosporidium species and >120 genotypes, 19 species, and four genotypes have been reported in humans with C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. felis being the most prevalent. The development of typing tools that are still lacking some zoonotic species and genotypes and more extensive molecular epidemiological studies in countries where the potential for transmission is highest are required to further our understanding of this important zoonotic pathogen. Similarly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) are important for more accurately tracking transmission and understanding the mechanisms behind host specificity.

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Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

Ryan

Zahedi

Feng

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Globally, other cases of C. hominis IdA16 were identified at the time from the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool database and PubMed, from Australia [23,24], Bangladesh [25], Egypt (GenBank), India [26], and Tasmania [27] and in wastewater samples in China [28]. More recently, cases have been reported in arctic Canada [29], Israel [30], and Sweden, although these were linked to travel to China and Sri Lanka [31]. Nevertheless, IdA16 remains a rare subtype.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming Pool-Related Outbreak of a Rare gp60 Subtype of Cryptosporidium hominis, England, October 2016

Bagnall

Chalmers

Henderson

et al. 2021

Water

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In October 2016, Public Health England was initially notified of four cases of cryptosporidiosis among users of two swimming pools. We investigated to identify further cases, the outbreak source, and ensure the implementation of appropriate control measures. Probable primary cases had diarrhoea and reported swimming in the pools 1–12 days prior to illness; confirmed cases were verified by the reference laboratory. Secondary cases had contact with primary cases 1–12 days prior to illness. We identified twenty-two cases: eleven were primary (eight confirmed) and eleven were secondary (five confirmed). Four cases were infected with C. parvum (different gp60 subtypes); all were primary and swam at two pools. Seven primary and secondary cases were infected with C. hominis gp60 subtype IdA16, and all were associated one pool. Failings in pool water treatment and management were identified that likely contributed to the load on the filters and their efficiency. Our investigation identified a complex outbreak, with secondary transmission, involving exposures to two swimming pools. C. hominis IdA16 is rare; it has been isolated from only three previous UK cases. We hypothesize that C. hominis cases arose from a common exposure, and the C. parvum cases were likely sporadic. This investigation highlights the value of integrating epidemiology and microbiology to investigate clusters of Cryptosporidium cases, defining the extent of the outbreak and the likely transmission pathways.

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