High Divergence within the Major HIV Type 1 Subtype B Epidemic in Panama

Ahumada-Ruiz, Sara; Casado, Concepción; Toala-González, Iván; Flores-Figueroa, Dario; Rodríguez-French, A; López-Galı́ndez, Cecilio

doi:10.1089/aid.2008.0153

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In our study, we found that the Panamanian HIV epidemic is driven predominantly by HIV-1 subtype B, confirming the previous study [16]; but we also described for the first time the circulation of several non-B variants at very low prevalence (≤ 0.5%) that were classified as subtype F1, subtype C, CRF 20_BG, CRF28/29_BF and URFs_BC. Thus, the HIV-1 molecular epidemiology scenario in Panama is more complex than previously described [16], [17]; this is most likely due to the much larger number of sequences analyzed in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Therefore, the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in Panama is expected to resemble the diverse genetic profile observed in other parts of the Americas and the Caribbean. The only other HIV-1 molecular epidemiologic survey performed in Panama to date, analyzed the gag , pol , and env genes of 133 samples collected between 2004 and 2005, reporting a high prevalence of subtype B (97%) and only two cases of non-B-subtypes (one CRF12_BF and one CRF02_AG) [16], [17]. The aim of our study was to expand our comprehension of the HIV-1 subtype distribution in Panama by the phylogenetic analysis of the pol region of a large number of individuals ( n = 655) from different regions of the country that were diagnosed over a long time period (1987–2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in Panama: Origin of Non-B Subtypes in Samples Collected from 2007 to 2013

et al. 2014

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Phylogenetic studies have suggested that the HIV-1 epidemic in the Americas is mainly dominated by HIV subtype B. However, countries of South America and the Caribbean have recently reported changes in their circulating HIV-1 genetic profiles. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular profile of the HIV-1 epidemic in Panama by the analysis of 655 polymerase gene (pol) sequences that were obtained from HIV-infected Panamanians diagnosed between 1987 and 2013. Blood samples were collected from recently infected, antiretroviral drug-naïve and treatment-experienced subjects since mid-2007 to 2013. Viral RNA from plasma was extracted and sequences of HIV protease and reverse transcriptase genes were obtained. Bootscanning and phylogenetic methods were used for HIV subtyping and to trace the putative origin of non-B subtype strains. Our results showed that HIV-1 infections in Panama are dominated by subtype B (98.9%). The remaining 1.1% is represented by a diverse collection of recombinant variants including: three URFs_BC, one CRF20_BG, and one CRF28/29_BF, in addition to one subtype F1 and one subtype C, none of which were previously reported in Panama. The non-B subtype variants detected in Panama were probably introduced from Brazil (subtype F1 and CRF28/29_BF), Cuba (CRF20_BG), Dominican Republic (URFs_BC) and India (subtype C). Panama is the geographical vertex that connects the North with South America and the Caribbean through trade and cultural relations, which may explain the observed introductions of non-B subtype HIV-1 variants from both the Caribbean and South America into this Central American country.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in Panama: Origin of Non-B Subtypes in Samples Collected from 2007 to 2013

et al. 2014

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“…The findings show that subtype B is predominant in the region, which is congruent with reports from neighboring countries such as Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela (45)(46)(47), as well as smaller reports from Central America (14)(15)(16)(17). Interestingly, however, while HIV-1 group M subtype B strains worldwide usually intermix in a star-like phylogeny, indicative of the panmictic structure of the epidemic, strains from Central America appeared to be highly compartmentalized.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…HIV-1 group M subtype B dominates the epidemics in North America and Western and Central Europe, whereas subtype B and BF recombinants predominate in South America (13). The information on the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Central America is still limited, but available data suggest that HIV-1 group M subtype B predominates (14)(15)(16)(17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Single Early Introduction of HIV-1 Subtype B into Central America Accounts for Most Current Cases

Murillo

Véras

Prosperi

et al. 2013

J Virol

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“…Estimates of genetic distance were used to evaluate genetic divergence between hMPV subtypes [26]. The overall mean distances of the hMPV subtypes were estimated using MEGA (version 4.0) [27].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Dynamics Analysis of Human Metapneumovirus Subtype A2: Genetic Evidence for Its Dominant Epidemic

Ren

Guo

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory viral pathogen in children worldwide. hMPV is divided into four subtypes: hMPV_A1, hMPV_A2, hMPV_B1, and hMPV_B2. hMPV_A2 can be further divided into hMPV_A2a and A2b based on phylogenetic analysis. The typical prevalence pattern of hMPV involves a shift of the predominant subtype within one or two years. However, hMPV_A2, in particular hMPV_A2b, has circulated worldwide with a several years long term high epidemic. To study this distinct epidemic behavior of hMPV_A2, we analyzed 294 sequences of partial G genes of the virus from different countries. Molecular evolutionary data indicates that hMPV_A2 evolved toward heterogeneity faster than the other subtypes. Specifically, a Bayesian skyline plot analysis revealed that hMPV_A2 has undergone a generally upward fluctuation since 1997, whereas the other subtypes experienced only one upward fluctuation. Although hMPV_A2 showed a lower value of mean dN/dS than the other subtypes, it had the largest number of positive selection sites. Meanwhile, various styles of mutation were observed in the mutation hotspots of hMPV_A2b. Bayesian phylogeography analysis also revealed two fusions of diffusion routes of hMPV_A2b in India (June 2006) and Beijing, China (June 2008). Sequences of hMPV_A2b retrieved from GenBank boosted simultaneously with the two fusions respectively, indicating that fusion of genetic transmission routes from different regions improved survival of hMPV_A2. Epidemic and evolutionary dynamics of hMPV_A2b were similar to those of hMPV_A2. Overall, our findings provide important molecular insights into hMPV epidemics and viral variation, and explain the occurrence of an atypical epidemic of hMPV_A2, particularly hMPV_A2b.

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High Divergence within the Major HIV Type 1 Subtype B Epidemic in Panama

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in Panama: Origin of Non-B Subtypes in Samples Collected from 2007 to 2013

Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in Panama: Origin of Non-B Subtypes in Samples Collected from 2007 to 2013

A Single Early Introduction of HIV-1 Subtype B into Central America Accounts for Most Current Cases

Evolutionary Dynamics Analysis of Human Metapneumovirus Subtype A2: Genetic Evidence for Its Dominant Epidemic

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