High‐Density Olive Plantations

Rallo, L.; Barranco, D.; García, Sergio Castro; Connor, David J.; Campo, María Gómez del; Rallo, Pilar

doi:10.1002/9781118707418.ch07

Cited by 47 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Trees were 10-12 years old, vase-shaped, with two or three main branches and a 0.8 m-high trunk, and planted at 7 × 5 m spacing (285 trees/ha). The mean tree height remained constant at 3.2 m although mean High-density production systems are characterized by rectangular tree layouts and orchard densities between 150 and 800 trees/ha, which facilitates the use of machinery and harvesting operations (Rallo et al, 2013). Nowadays, such production systems are among the most widely used, due to their greater profitability and ease of mechanization.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of fruit and oil quantity and quality distribution in high-density olive trees in order to improve the mechanical harvesting process

Castillo-Ruiz¹,

Jiménez-Jiménez²,

Blanco-Roldán³

et al. 2015

Span. j. agric. res.

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<p>Olive fruit production and oil quality distribution with respect to canopy distribution are important criteria for selection and improvement of mechanical harvesting methods. Tests were performed in a high-density olive orchard (<em>Olea europea</em> L., cv. Arbequina) in southern Spain. Fruit distribution, fruit properties and oil parameters were measured by taken separate samples for each canopy location and tree. Results showed a high percentage of fruits and oil located in the middle-outer and upper canopy, representing more than 60% of total production. The position of these fruits along with their higher weight per fruit, maturity index and polyphenol content make them the target for all mechanical harvesting systems. The fruits from the lower canopy represented close to 30% of fruit and oil production, however, the mechanical harvesting of these fruits is inefficient for mechanical harvesting systems. Whether these fruits cannot be properly harvested, enhance tree training to raise their position is recommended. Fruits located inside the canopy are not a target location for mechanical harvesting systems as they were a small percentage of the total fruit (<10%). Significant differences were found for polyphenol content with respect to canopy height, although this was not the case with acidity. In addition, the ripening index did not influence polyphenol content and acidity values within the canopy. Fruit production, properties and oil quality varied depending on fruit canopy position. Thus harvesting systems may be targeted at maximize harvesting efficiency including an adequate tree training system adapted to the harvesting system.</p>

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of fruit and oil quantity and quality distribution in high-density olive trees in order to improve the mechanical harvesting process

Castillo-Ruiz¹,

Jiménez-Jiménez²,

Blanco-Roldán³

et al. 2015

Span. j. agric. res.

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“…The olive hedgerow system has expanded in area significantly in the last two decades in both traditional and new olive-production zones (Spain, Argentina, Australia, Spain, USA and Tunisia; e.g., Larbi et al, 2011;Rallo et al, 2013;Connor et al, 2014) and even more recently has attracted considerable scientific attention (Connor, 2006;Ferguson, 2006). Two types of hedgerows have emerged suited to available mechanized over-row, canopycontact harvesters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of row spacing on vegetative structure, fruit characteristics and oil productivity of N–S and E–W oriented olive hedgerows

Trentacoste

Connor

Gómez-del-Campo

2015

Scientia Horticulturae

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“…Reducing labor costs in table olive groves has become a priority in many traditional producing countries because fruits are usually harvested by hand, accounting for as much as 69% of the total direct eligible costs. This has led to the removal of a considerable number of olive groves and to the development of mechanical harvesting methods in traditional table olive farms (Ferguson et al, 2010;Rallo et al, 2013aRallo et al, , 2013b. 'Manzanilla de Sevilla' is the leading Spanish table olive cultivar and is grown worldwide (Spain, the United States, Portugal, Israel, Argentina, etc.).…”

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confidence: 99%

Suitability of Two Table Olive Cultivars (‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ and ‘Manzanilla Cacereña’) for Mechanical Harvesting in Superhigh-density Hedgerows

Morales‐Sillero¹,

Rallo²,

Jiménez³

et al. 2014

horts

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At a time of increasing demand, the extremely high cost of manual labor required to harvest fruit in table olive groves is limiting the economic survival of the crop in many producing countries. New grove designs and management practices such as superhigh-density (SHD) groves now in use in oil olive production should be explored as an option to facilitate mechanical harvesting in table olives. The feasibility of two table olive cultivars, Manzanilla de Sevilla and Manzanilla Cacereña, to be harvested in a 5-year-old SHD grove (1975 trees/ha) was studied in 2012 when trees of both cultivars formed highly productive continuous hedgerows (≈10,000 and 18,000 kg·ha−1, respectively). The differences between manual and mechanical harvesting using a grape straddle harvester were evaluated taking into consideration harvesting time, efficiency in fruit removal, and fruit quality both before and after processing as Spanish-style green olives. The average harvest time per hectare with a grape straddle harvester was less than 1.7 hours compared with 576 person/hour or more when done manually. Fruit removal efficiency was high in both cases, 98% for mechanical treatment and 100% for hand treatment. Mechanically harvested fruits had a high proportion of bruising damage (greater than 90%) and the severity of the damage was greater in ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ than in ‘Manzanilla Cacereña’. After Spanish-style green processing, however, the proportion of bruised fruits was below 3% in each cultivar. The fruit size in both cultivars was suitable for table olive processing and only 7% and 4% of ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ and ‘Manzanilla Cacereña’ fruits, respectively, were diverted to oil extraction as a result of insufficient size. Small differences were found between processed ‘Manzanilla Cacereña’ fruits that were manually or mechanically harvested. In contrast, mechanically harvested ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ fruits showed a significantly higher proportion of cutting (18%), a type of damage that may take place during harvesting, and lower firmness and texture than those harvested manually.

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High‐Density Olive Plantations

Cited by 47 publications

References 107 publications

Analysis of fruit and oil quantity and quality distribution in high-density olive trees in order to improve the mechanical harvesting process

Analysis of fruit and oil quantity and quality distribution in high-density olive trees in order to improve the mechanical harvesting process

Effect of row spacing on vegetative structure, fruit characteristics and oil productivity of N–S and E–W oriented olive hedgerows

Suitability of Two Table Olive Cultivars (‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ and ‘Manzanilla Cacereña’) for Mechanical Harvesting in Superhigh-density Hedgerows

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