Abstract:In additive manufacturing, the variation of the fabrication process parameters influences the mechanical properties of a material such as tensile strength, impact toughness, hardness, fatigue strength, and so forth, but fatigue testing of metals fabricated with all different sets of process parameters is a very expensive and time-consuming process. Therefore, the nominal process parameters by means of minimum energy input were first identified for a dense part and then the optimized process parameters were det… Show more
“…Strain-life curves report the average value of the number of cycles necessary for part failure under specific loading conditions over a certain amount of fatigue tests for the same testing conditions. Consequently, they only provide information about the most probable number of cycles to failure [2], but no information about the failure process (onset of cracks). In general, reproducibility of the fatigue lifetime under the same measurement conditions is poor, so a wide span of lifetimes is typically measured resulting in high standard deviations [3].…”
Section: Introduction 1mechanical Fatigue Of Metalsmentioning
This work investigates the possibility of applying Fourier Transform (FT) analysis of the force signal to follow fatigue behavior of metals under oscillatory displacement-controlled tests in uniaxial tension/tension. As a first step, three different materials were selected (cold rolled steel, aluminium and brass). The FT analysis revealed a low level of nonlinearities in the force response, which was possible to measure and quantify as higher harmonics of the imposed sinusoidal deformation. Due to geometric reasons, the odd higher harmonics represent the symmetric nonlinearity while even ones are related to asymmetry, so both odd and even harmonics need to be analyzed separately. The time evolution of the higher harmonics showed that the odd higher harmonics continuously increase during the test. Criteria to better predict the mechanical fatigue and failure (life time) are then proposed based on the integral and derivative based on the time evolution the odd higher harmonics. In contrast, for tests in the high cycle fatigue regime, the even higher harmonics are mainly noise at the beginning of the test (undamaged state), but start to rise after the occurrence of a crack due to internal crack friction. Based on the analysis performed, FT analysis of the force during mechanical fatigue testing of metals is a sensitive tool used to predict failure and to improve our understanding of the dynamics involved in mechanical fatigue.
“…Strain-life curves report the average value of the number of cycles necessary for part failure under specific loading conditions over a certain amount of fatigue tests for the same testing conditions. Consequently, they only provide information about the most probable number of cycles to failure [2], but no information about the failure process (onset of cracks). In general, reproducibility of the fatigue lifetime under the same measurement conditions is poor, so a wide span of lifetimes is typically measured resulting in high standard deviations [3].…”
Section: Introduction 1mechanical Fatigue Of Metalsmentioning
This work investigates the possibility of applying Fourier Transform (FT) analysis of the force signal to follow fatigue behavior of metals under oscillatory displacement-controlled tests in uniaxial tension/tension. As a first step, three different materials were selected (cold rolled steel, aluminium and brass). The FT analysis revealed a low level of nonlinearities in the force response, which was possible to measure and quantify as higher harmonics of the imposed sinusoidal deformation. Due to geometric reasons, the odd higher harmonics represent the symmetric nonlinearity while even ones are related to asymmetry, so both odd and even harmonics need to be analyzed separately. The time evolution of the higher harmonics showed that the odd higher harmonics continuously increase during the test. Criteria to better predict the mechanical fatigue and failure (life time) are then proposed based on the integral and derivative based on the time evolution the odd higher harmonics. In contrast, for tests in the high cycle fatigue regime, the even higher harmonics are mainly noise at the beginning of the test (undamaged state), but start to rise after the occurrence of a crack due to internal crack friction. Based on the analysis performed, FT analysis of the force during mechanical fatigue testing of metals is a sensitive tool used to predict failure and to improve our understanding of the dynamics involved in mechanical fatigue.
“…Therefore, AM is increasingly being used in different manufacturing fields. While AM has several advantages over conventional manufacturing processes, parts produced with this process exhibit poor surface roughness and geometric inaccuracy in their as-built state [7][8][9][10]. Several studies have recently been carried out to investigate the factors for dimensional inaccuracy and poor surface quality of metal AM parts.…”
In additive manufacturing (AM), the surface roughness of the deposited parts remains significantly higher than the admissible range for most applications. Additionally, the surface topography of AM parts exhibits waviness profiles between tracks and layers. Therefore, post-processing is indispensable to improve surface quality. Laser-aided machining and polishing can be effective surface improvement processes that can be used due to their availability as the primary energy sources in many metal AM processes. While the initial roughness and waviness of the surface of most AM parts are very high, to achieve dimensional accuracy and minimize roughness, a high input energy density is required during machining and polishing processes although such high energy density may induce process defects and escalate the phenomenon of wavelength asperities. In this paper, we propose a systematic approach to eliminate waviness and reduce surface roughness with the combination of laser-aided machining, macro-polishing, and micro-polishing processes. While machining reduces the initial waviness, low energy density during polishing can minimize this further. The average roughness (Ra=1.11μm) achieved in this study with optimized process parameters for both machining and polishing demonstrates a greater than 97% reduction in roughness when compared to the as-built part.
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