High conductivity PEDOT:PSS through laser micro-annealing: mechanisms and application

Troughton, Joseph; Peillon, Nathalie; Borbély, András; Rodríguez‐Pereira, Jhonatan; Pavliňák, David; Macák, Jan M.; Djenizian, Thierry; Ramuz, Marc

doi:10.1039/d2tc03812a

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…Common methods include surface modifiers coating, laser microannealing, hot pressing, and mild plasma. [83][84][85][86][87][88][89] Due to its spatial selectivity, laser microannealing technology can achieve patterning and high conductivity of PEDOT:PSS simultaneously. By controlling the irradiation intensity below the damage threshold, phase separation would be induced between PEDOT and PSS.…”

Section: Posttreatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Progress on Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrenesulfonate) Bioelectrodes

Yang

Liu

2023

Small Science

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Sensing bioelectrical signals paves a way for knowing the health and mental status, providing important clinical information about subjects' physiological and psychological activities. [1] Common bioelectrical signals include electromyogram (EMG), electrocardiogram (ECG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electroencephalogram (EEG). EMG is conducive to explore the activities of nerves and muscles. ECG signals, originating from heart, show the information related to cardiac function. EOG can help to recognize eye diseases. EEG is capable of showing complex neural activities in the brain. [2][3][4][5] Furthermore, bioelectrical signals could integrate with human-machine interfaces (HMI), such as prosthetic control, emotion recognition, eye movement tracking, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR). [6][7][8][9] So far, various bioelectrodes have been developed for recording bioelectrical signals, but it is still challenging to acquire high-quality, stable, and long-term signals. [10,11] Human skin/tissue will deform during body motion, which means that human skin/tissue has to withstand strain. Conventional bioelectrodes are mainly gel electrodes (Ag/AgCl electrodes) and dry electrodes made of metals (e.g., Au, Ag, Cu). Due to the mechanical mismatch with human skin/tissue, they are unable to continuously recording signals. In addition to, long-term use of such electrodes would cause skin irritation. Stretchability is a critical property to ensure bioelectrodes to work normally despite the deformation of human skin/tissue. Lots of interest is devoted to the fabrication of stretchable electrodes. [12][13][14][15][16] These electrodes need to possess matched modulus to adapt to the uneven surface of human skin/tissue. In addition to the mechanical properties, excellent conductivity, adhesion to skin, and biocompatibility are necessary. Furthermore, breathability and self-healing are also the properties people pursuing for. [17] Emerging materials used for bioelectrodes include conductive polymers, conductive hydrogels, carbon materials (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes), liquid metals, elastomer composites, etc. [18][19][20][21] Conductive polymers are kinds of organic conjugated polymers with heterocycle, whose conductivity stems from conjugated main chains of delocalized electron/hole. By combining the advantages of both metals and polymers, conductive polymers are easy for fabrication and structure modification. Among them, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has attracted heightened interest due to its excellent conductivity, optical transmittance in the visible region, thermostability, relatively low redox potential, etc. Nevertheless, its insolubility in water hinders further development. It can be overcome by introducing polyelectrolyte like poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) into PEDOT matrix. PSS acts as both dopant and stabilizer by a charge balance mechanism. Since the problem of insolubility in water has been solved, PEDOT becomes the most successful commercial polyelectrolyte. [22] Figure 1 shows the s...

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Section: Posttreatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nanostructures of PEDOT cores would rearrange and crystallize. [86][87][88][89] Yun et al enhanced the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS by three orders of magnitude through laser illumination. The mechanism lies in the difference in photon absorption between PEDOT and PSS.…”

Section: Posttreatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrenesulfonate) Bioelectrodes

Yang

Liu

2023

Small Science

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“…The selectively energized PEDOT molecules merge adjacent PEDOT-rich phases, facilitating further separation of the individual phase at the microscale and forming efficient charge transport pathways throughout the film. 30 Such laser processing has unique advantages in that it does not require additional chemicals and allows more precise control of the level of phase splitting by varying the laser intensity and speed. In addition, spatially selective laser irradiation enables the design of high-resolution conductive channel patterns (∼6 μm) that cannot be reached by conventional methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A key mechanism arises from the high absorption of PEDOT for laser photons. The selectively energized PEDOT molecules merge adjacent PEDOT-rich phases, facilitating further separation of the individual phase at the microscale and forming efficient charge transport pathways throughout the film . Such laser processing has unique advantages in that it does not require additional chemicals and allows more precise control of the level of phase splitting by varying the laser intensity and speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Mechanism Governing the Coalescence of Conductive Particles in PEDOT:PSS under Laser Irradiation

Kim,

Won,

et al. 2024

Macromolecules

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The strategy of obtaining selective electrical properties by laser irradiation of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) stabilized with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is breaking new ground in the fabrication process of conductive films. In this study, the theoretical mechanism by which the laser irradiation induces coalescence of PEDOT-rich particles and improves electrical properties of PEDOT:PSS was explored from a thermodynamic perspective. The microstructural evolution by laser irradiation was experimentally verified, and the equivalent environment was implemented from coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The results suggest that selective disruption between π−π interactions and electrostatic attraction, the forces governing the PEDOT-rich domain, is a key driving factor for enhanced phase separation in PEDOT:PSS. The energy supplied from the laser provides sufficient molecular mobility to allow the PEDOT-rich core to integrate with other adjacent cores without compromising the strong internal cohesion of its own core. The enhanced mobility leads to bridging-generating events with triggering of active molecular rearrangements between the cores, driving the coalescence of conductive particles.

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“…PEDOT:PSS is an extensively studied conductive polyelectrolyte complex with the structure of PEDOT-rich cores surrounded by a PSS-rich shell [ 21 ]. PEDOT:PSS has been used in the areas of thermoelectricity, organic photovoltaics, bioelectronics and sensing conductors [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ] because of its high conductivity, appropriate stability and superior mechanical flexibility [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TiO2-MXene/PEDOT:PSS Composite as a Novel Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Sensitive Detection of Baicalein

Xue

Shi

Wang³

et al. 2023

Molecules

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In this work, TiO2-MXene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) composite was utilized as an electrode material for the sensitive electrochemical detection of baicalein. The in-situ growth of TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of MXene nanosheets can effectively prevent their aggregation, thus presenting a significantly large specific surface area and abundant active sites. However, the partial oxidation of MXene after calcination could reduce its conductivity. To address this issue, herein, PEDOT:PSS films were introduced to disperse the TiO2-MXene materials. The uniform and dense films of PEDOT:PSS not only improved the conductivity and dispersion of TiO2-MXene but also enhanced its stability and electrocatalytic activity. With the advantages of a composite material, TiO2-MXene/PEDOT:PSS as an electrode material demonstrated excellent electrochemical sensing ability for baicalein determination, with a wide linear response ranging from 0.007 to 10.0 μM and a lower limit of detection of 2.33 nM. Furthermore, the prepared sensor displayed good repeatability, reproducibility, stability and selectivity, and presented satisfactory results for the determination of baicalein in human urine sample analysis.

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High conductivity PEDOT:PSS through laser micro-annealing: mechanisms and application

Abstract: Conductive polymers represent the next generation of soft, flexible electronics. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is among the most widely used of these, despite having a relatively low conductivity when deposited in the...

Cited by 4 publications

References 63 publications

Recent Progress on Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrenesulfonate) Bioelectrodes

Recent Progress on Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrenesulfonate) Bioelectrodes

Thermodynamic Mechanism Governing the Coalescence of Conductive Particles in PEDOT:PSS under Laser Irradiation

TiO2-MXene/PEDOT:PSS Composite as a Novel Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Sensitive Detection of Baicalein

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