“…Continuous cultures with cell retention or recy-cle are increasingly being used to increase the cell concentration and the productivity for a given reactor volume (Kitano, Shintani et al, 1986;Takazawa and Tokashiki, 1989;Batt, Davis et al, 1990;Comer, Kearns et al, 1990;Seamans and Hu, 1990;Tokashiki, Arai et al, 1990;de la Broise, Noiseux et al, 1991;Hu and Peshwa, 1991;Hu and Piret, 1992;Kyung, Peshwa et al, 1994;Laporte, Shevitz et al, 1995;Takamatsu, Hamamoto et al, 1996). These cultures, often referred to as perfusion cultures, can lead to 5-10 fold increase in cell concentration and product throughput over conventional batch and continuous cultures.…”