“…[6][7][8] Noble metal-based materials, such as Pt/C, Pd, RuO 2 and IrO 2 , are known to be the most effective overall water splitting electrocatalysts due to their relatively lower overpotential and high reaction rates. 9,10 However, due to the high cost and scarcity of these metals, they are replaced by transition metal-based catalysts, their derivatives in numerous oxidation states, which show similar activity. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Recent research has focused on doping pristine graphene nanosheets with various heteroatoms such as nitrogen (N), boron (B), phosphor (P), sulfur (S), fluorine (F) and oxygen (O).…”