High Burden of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Young Children in Rural Western Kenya, 2010–2011

Khagayi, Sammy; Burton, Deron C.; Onkoba, Reuben; Ochieng, Ben; Ismail, Amina; Mutonga, David; Junghae, Muthoni; Feikin, Daniel R.; Breiman, Robert F.; Mwenda, Jason M.; Odhiambo, Frank; Laserson, Kayla F.

doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000000049

Cited by 21 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The finding that Campylobacter, Salmonella and rotavirus were the most common pathogens isolated in infants with diarrhoea is similar to previous studies, 17–19 but differs somewhat from a recent large prospective study in seven Asian and African countries which found that most cases of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea were caused by four pathogens: rotavirus, cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic E. coli and Shigella. 20 These differences may be owing to geographic variability in the frequency of pathogens, as well as differences in techniques used for pathogen detection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

The aetiology of diarrhoea, pneumonia and respiratory colonization of HIV-exposed infants randomized to breast- or formula-feeding

Zash

Shapiro

Leidner³

et al. 2016

Paediatrics and International Child Health

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Background Diarrhoea and pneumonia are common causes of childhood death in sub-Saharan Africa but there are few studies describing specific pathogens. Objectives The study aimed to describe the pathogens associated with diarrhoea, pneumonia and oropharyngeal colonization in children born to HIV-infected women (HIV-exposed infants). Methods The Mashi Study randomized 1200 HIV-infected women and their infants to breastfeed for 6 months with ZDV prophylaxis or formula-feed with 4 weeks of ZDV. Children were tested for HIV by PCR at 1, 4, 7, 9 and 12 months and by ELISA at 18 months. Pre-defined subsets of children were sampled during episodes of diarrhoea (n = 300) and pneumonia (n = 85). Stool was tested for bacterial pathogens, rotavirus and parasites. Children with pneumonia underwent bacterial blood culture, and testing of nasopharyngeal aspirates for viral pathogens by PCR. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from a consecutive subset of 561 infants at the routine 3-month visit for bacterial culture. Results The median age (range) at sampling was 181 days for diarrhoea (0–730) and 140 days for pneumonia (2–551). Pathogens were identified in 55 (18%) children with diarrhoea and 32 (38%) with pneumonia. No differences in pathogens by child HIV status (HIV-infected vs HIV-uninfected) or feeding strategy were identified. Campylobacter was the most common diarrhoeal pathogen (7%). Adenovirus (22%) and other viruses (19%) were the primary pathogens isolated during pneumonias. More formula-fed infants had oropharyngeal colonization by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria (16.8% vs 6.2%, P = 0.003), which was associated with a non-significant increased risk of pneumonia (OR 2.2, 95% CI 0.8–5.7). Conclusion A trend toward oropharyngeal bacterial colonization was observed in formula-fed infants. Although viruses were most commonly detected during pneumonia, respiratory colonization by Gram-negative bacteria may have contributed to pneumonia in formula-fed infants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

The aetiology of diarrhoea, pneumonia and respiratory colonization of HIV-exposed infants randomized to breast- or formula-feeding

Zash

Shapiro

Leidner³

et al. 2016

Paediatrics and International Child Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The finding that Campylobacter, Salmonella and rotavirus were the most common pathogens isolated in infants with diarrhoea is similar to previous studies, [17][18][19] but differs somewhat from a recent large prospective study in seven Asian and African countries which found that most cases of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea were caused by four pathogens: rotavirus, cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic E. coli and Shigella. 20 These differences may be owing to geographic variability in the frequency of pathogens, as well as differences in techniques used for pathogen detection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

The aetiology of diarrhoea, pneumonia and respiratory colonization of HIV-exposed infants randomized to breast- or formula-feeding

Zash¹,

Shapiro²,

Leidner³

et al. 2016

Paediatrics and International Child Health

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“…It is estimated that 27% of all under five diarrheal disease hospitalization in Kenya is caused by rotavirus infection [2]. Current global estimates of mortality attributed to rotavirus-associated disease is 611,000 in children less than 5 years old [3] and mortality figures for sub-Saharan Africa total 145,000 annually [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and genetic diversity of rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in a hospital setting, Nairobi Kenya in post vaccination era: a cross-sectional study

Agutu¹,

Ongus²,

Kombich³

et al. 2017

Pan Afr Med J

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IntroductionRotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children. Each year more than 611 000 children die from rotavirus gastroenteritis, and two million are hospitalized, worldwide. In Kenya, the impact of recent rotavirus vaccinations on morbidities has not been estimated. The study aimed at determining the prevalence and identity of rotavirus strains isolated from rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in vaccinated children presenting with acute gastroenteritis.MethodsTwo hundred and ninety eight specimen from children presented at Gertrude Childrens’ Hospital from January to June 2012 were tested by EIA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) for rotavirus antigens. Molecular characterization was conducted on rotavirus-positive specimens. Extracted viral RNA was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and the specific rotavirus VP4 (P-types) and VP7 (G-types) determined.ResultsThe prevalence rate of rotavirus was 31.5% (94/298). Of the rotavirus dsRNA, 57 (60.1%) gave visible RNA profiles, 38 (40.4%) assigned long electropherotypes while 19 (20.2%) were short electropherotypes. The strains among the vaccinated were G3P [4], G12P [6], G3P [6], G9P [4], G mixed G9/3P [4] and G1/3P [4]. Specifically, the G genotypes were G9/3 (5.3%), G9 (4.3%), G3 (4.3%), G12 (2.1%) and mixed G1/3 (1.1%). The P genotypes detected were P [4] (5.3%) and P [6] (5.3%).ConclusionThe present study demonstrates diversity in circulating genotypes with emergence of genotypes G3, G9, G12 and mixed genotypes G9/3 and recommends that vaccines should be formulated with a broad range of strains to include G9 and G12.

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High Burden of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Young Children in Rural Western Kenya, 2010–2011

Abstract: Continued surveillance of rotavirus AGE will provide timely data on the population-level impact of rotavirus vaccine following its likely introduction in 2014.

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

The aetiology of diarrhoea, pneumonia and respiratory colonization of HIV-exposed infants randomized to breast- or formula-feeding

The aetiology of diarrhoea, pneumonia and respiratory colonization of HIV-exposed infants randomized to breast- or formula-feeding

The aetiology of diarrhoea, pneumonia and respiratory colonization of HIV-exposed infants randomized to breast- or formula-feeding

Prevalence and genetic diversity of rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in a hospital setting, Nairobi Kenya in post vaccination era: a cross-sectional study

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