High-Brightness Continuous-Wave Electron Beams from Superconducting Radio-Frequency Photoemission Gun

Petrushina, Irina; Litvinenko, Vladimir; Jing, Yichao; Ma, Jun; Pinayev, I.; Shih, Kaimin; Wang, G; Wu, Yuqi; Altinbas, Z.; Brutus, Jean Clifford; Belomestnykh, S.; Lieto, Anthony Di; Inacker, Patrick; Jamilkowski, James; Mahler, G.; Mapes, M.; Miller, Toby; Narayan, Geetha; Paniccia, Matthew; Roser, T.; Severino, F.; Skaritka, J.; Smart, L.; Smith, Kevin S.; Soria, Victor; Than, Y.; Tuozzolo, J.; Wang, E; Xiao, Binping; Xin, Tianmu; Ben‐Zvi, I.; Boulware, Charles; Grimm, Terry; Mihara, Kentaro; Kayran, D.; Rao, T.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.244801

Cited by 37 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Most recently an SRF gun, continuous-wave (CW) operated and equipped with an alkali CsK 2 Sb photocathode, provided high-charge electron beams with small transverse emittance and remarkably long lifetimes of up to a month in stable, continued operation [30,31]. The availability of efficient spinpolarized electron sources is, on the other hand, relevant for electron-hadron colliders like the EIC.…”

Section: Common Challenges and Enabling Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron-Hadron Colliders: EIC, LHeC and FCC-eh

2022

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Electron-hadron colliders are the ultimate tool for high-precision quantum chromodynamics studies and provide the ultimate microscope for probing the internal structure of hadrons. The electron is an ideal probe of the proton structure because it provides the unmatched precision of the electromagnetic interaction, as the virtual photon or vector bosons probe the proton structure in a clean environment, the kinematics of which is uniquely determined by the electron beam and the scattered lepton, or the hadronic final state accounting appropriately for radiation. The Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator HERA (DESY, Hamburg, Germany) was the only electron-hadron collider ever operated (1991–2007) and advanced the knowledge of quantum chromodynamics and the proton structure, with implications for the physics studied in RHIC (BNL, Upton, NY) and the LHC (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland). Recent technological advances in the field of particle accelerators pave the way to realize next-generation electron-hadron colliders that deliver higher luminosity and enable collisions in a much broader range of energies and beam types than HERA. Electron-hadron colliders combine challenges from both electron and hadron machines besides facing their own distinct challenges derived from their intrinsic asymmetry. This review paper will discuss the major features and milestones of HERA and will examine the electron-hadron collider designs of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) currently under construction at BNL, the CERN’s Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC), at an advanced stage of design and awaiting approval, and the Future Circular lepton-hadron Collider (FCC-eh).

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Section: Common Challenges and Enabling Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron-Hadron Colliders: EIC, LHeC and FCC-eh

2022

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“…The cavity performance as a photoinjector has been rather impressive: the gun demonstrated the ability to deliver high-brightness electron bunches with low transverse emittances (e.g. 0.15 mm-mrad slice emittance for 100 pC, 400 ps bunches), and has also generated record high charges per bunch (up to 20 nC) [2]. The cavity employs high quantum efficiency (QE) room temperature CsK 2 Sb photocathodes, and has demonstrated the ability to maintain the cathode's QE of 3-4% for several months of continuous operation [13].…”

Section: Mhz Srf Gunmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of reliable electron sources has been a major enabling technology for achieving such beams. The recent progress in the field of SRF photoinjectors have demonstrated a successful performance confirming that, indeed, the SRF environment and high quantum efficiency (high-QE) photocathodes are compatible and can produce high-brightness beams with low transverse emittances [2]. Nevertheless, the nature of the photoinjector operation requires systematic cathode exchange, which puts the cleanliness of the photoinjector cavity at risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First experience with He conditioning of an SRF photoinjector

Petrushina,

Jing,

Litvinenko

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Many scientific projects such as a high repetition rate XFEL [1][2][3], electron-ion collider (EIC) [4], ultrafast electron diffraction/microscopy (UED/UEM) [5][6][7], etc., are being built or proposed in China. In these big projects, the demand for a high-performance photocathode has become more crucial and urgent, especially for a semiconductor photocathode [8]. For instance, a Cs 2 Te photocathode is the first choice of a hard XFEL application such as a Shanghai HIgh repetitioN rate XFEL and Extreme light facility (SHINE) and a Shenzhen Superconducting Soft X-Ray Free Electron Laser (S 3 FEL).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the Semiconductor Photocathode Research in China

Xie

2021

Micromachines

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With the growing demand from scientific projects such as the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), ultrafast electron diffraction/microscopy (UED/UEM) and electron ion collider (EIC), the semiconductor photocathode, which is a key technique for a high brightness electron source, has been widely studied in China. Several fabrication systems have been designed and constructed in different institutes and the vacuum of most systems is in the low 10−8 Pa level to grow a high QE and long lifetime photocathode. The QE, dark lifetime/bunch lifetime, spectral response and QE map of photocathodes with different kinds of materials, such as bialkali (K2CsSb, K2NaSb, etc.), Cs2Te and GaAs, have been investigated. These photocathodes will be used to deliver electron beams in a high voltage DC gun, a normal conducting RF gun, and an SRF gun. The emission physics of the semiconductor photocathode and intrinsic emittance reduction are also studied.

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High-Brightness Continuous-Wave Electron Beams from Superconducting Radio-Frequency Photoemission Gun

Cited by 37 publications

References 34 publications

Electron-Hadron Colliders: EIC, LHeC and FCC-eh

Electron-Hadron Colliders: EIC, LHeC and FCC-eh

First experience with He conditioning of an SRF photoinjector

Overview of the Semiconductor Photocathode Research in China

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