High Biofidelity 3D Biomodel Reconstruction from Soft and Hard Tissues (Knee), FEM, and 3D Printing: A Three-Dimensional Methodological Proposal

Abstract

The modelling of biological structures has allowed great advances in Engineering, Biology, and Medicine. In turn, these advances are seen from the design of footwear and sports accessories, to the design of prostheses, accessories and rehabilitation treatments. The reproduction of the various tissues has gone through an important evolution thanks to the development of computer systems and programs. However, knowledge of the medical-biological and engineering areas continues to be required, and it involves a considerable investment of time and resources. The resulting biomodels still require great precision. The present work shows a methodology that allows to optimize computational resources and reduce elaboration time of biomodels. Through this methodology, it is possible to generate a biomodel of high biofidelity of a human knee. This biomodel is constituted by hard tissues (cortical and trabecular bones) and soft tissues (ligaments and meniscus) resulting in the modelling of the lower third of the femur, the tibial plateaus, the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, external lateral ligament, interior lateral ligaments, and the meniscus. With this model and methodology, it is possible to perform numerical analyses that will provide results very similar to those of real life. As, the methodology allows to assign the mechanical properties to each tissue and the anatomical structure.

Numerical Analysis of Zirconium and Titanium Implants under the Effect of Critical Masticatory Load

“…Biomodeling is a generic term that is understood as the ability to represent the morphological characteristics of an anatomical structure and biological systems in a physical model [ 18 ], and it has been a very important tool for the field of medicine and bioengineering. Biomodeling allows the visualization of bone structures to evaluate anatomy and biological functions by obtaining images with cross-sections of the human body [ 19 ]. Biomodels have been possible due to computed tomography (CT) contributions, which replaced conventional radiography [ 20 ].…”

Numerical Analysis of the ACL, with Sprains of Different Degrees after Trauma

“…In the present work, four cases of study were carried out by applying a numerical simulation method to a human knee using biomodels generated with a methodology developed by the authors in previous works [36][37][38]. The detailed development of these biomodels and their validation are widely described in [38]. In Case 1, the biological elements do not present any kind of physical injury, so this corresponds to 2…”

“…This file is exported to a CAD/CAM/FEM program. Figure 1 shows a biomodel of a human knee which is subjected to a compression load of 500 N, exerted on the tibia simulating an impact [36][37][38][39][40]. With this simulation, we can obtain the stresses that are exerted in this patellar joint after an agent of that nature.…”

“…All the contacts are bonded type, except for contacts 6 and 7, which are between the cortical bone of the femur and the meniscus, which are frictionless contact [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Because of the joint physiology of these tissues, there is a movement.…”

“…Mechanical properties used in the analysis[36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 3.2.2.…”