High-Bandgap Solar Cells for Underwater Photovoltaic Applications

Jenkins, Phillip P.; Messenger, S.; Trautz, Kelly; Maximenko, S. I.; Goldstein, David J.; Scheiman, David; Hoheisel, R.; Walters, Robert J.

doi:10.1109/jphotov.2013.2283578

Cited by 56 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Initially, the solar radiation above the water surface is maintained 1000 W/m 2 as per Standard Test Conditions (STC), which is considered as 0 m, its changes were measured with an increase in depth of the water up to 0.2 m, and the corresponding I ‐ V and P ‐ V curves were also obtained using the source meter. The Solar radiation underwater starts decreasing with an increase in depth of the water, as shown in Figure D because of the changes in solar spectrum underwater . Figure A,B shows the behaviour of I ‐ V and P ‐ V curves for an amorphous silicon Solar cell underwater with respect to the water depths up to 0.2 m. These I ‐ V and P ‐ V curves show linear behaviour because the water is stable and turbulence‐free.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In contrast, GaInP solar cell has only 10% dropped and as we go deep into the water, the greater the difference between the power output of silicon and GaInP cells. 6,7 In another study, the organic photovoltaic cells have been modelled and simulated in an underwater environment because of its ability to perform well in low-light conditions and low-cost roll-to-roll process. The organic photovoltaic cells with the multijunction design of two absorber layers can efficiently match the filtered underwater Solar spectrum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Solar radiation underwater starts decreasing with an increase in depth of the water, as shown in Figure 8D because of the changes in solar spectrum underwater. [2][3][4][5][6][7] Figure 8A,B shows the behaviour of I-V and P-V curves for an amorphous silicon Solar cell underwater with respect to the water depths up to 0.2 m. These I-V and P-V curves show linear behaviour because the water is stable and turbulence-free. The decrease in the I-V and P-V curves with the depth of the water was mainly due to a decrease in Solar radiation underwater.…”

Section: Deionized (Di) Water Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conventional crystalline silicon solar cell operating voltage was dropped by 28%. In contrast, GaInP solar cell has only 10% dropped and as we go deep into the water, the greater the difference between the power output of silicon and GaInP cells …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Analysing consequence of solar irradiance on amorphous silicon solar cell in variable underwater environments

et al. 2020

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Summary Harvesting underwater Solar energy using photovoltaic (PV) technology leads to an innovative approach to utilize it in monitoring various underwater sensors, devices, or other autonomous systems using modern‐day power electronics. Another huge advantage of placing PV cells underwater comes from the fact that the water itself can provide cooling and cleaning for the cells. Such advantages come with many challenges and constraints due to the underwater spectral change and decrease in Solar radiation with an increase in water depth. In this work, an experimental set‐up has been realized to create an underwater environment and further characterized in the indoor environment using the Solar simulator. Moreover, the transfer of Solar radiation through water and the performance of amorphous silicon Solar cell underwater up to 0.2 m has been analysed in changing underwater environments. This investigation shows a better understanding of solar radiation underwater and the amorphous silicon solar cell underwater at shallow depths with considering the water depth up to 0.2 m, salinity 3.5%, total dissolved salts, and other impurities affecting the solar radiation and the performance of amorphous silicon Solar cell in underwater conditions. In addition to that, the maximum power output Pmax of amorphous silicon Solar cell is 0.0367 W at 0.2 m in the case of DI water. In contrast, in real seawater and artificial seawater with 3.5% salinity, it shows 0.0337 W and 0.0327 W, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deionized (Di) Water Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Analysing consequence of solar irradiance on amorphous silicon solar cell in variable underwater environments

et al. 2020

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“…The oceans are twice as large as the land area that are also rich in solar energy. On a sunny day, the solar radiation over the sea can reach 1000 W/m 2 , and solar energy is still available at a certain depth in the sea [8]. At depths of up to 10 m, the solar energy density can still remain 200 W/m 2 which is much higher than the energy density of ocean tidal energy, thermal energy, etc [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Characteristic Investigation on an Underwater Adjustable Focus Solar Concentrator with Single-Layer Membrane

Liang

Zheng

Cui

et al. 2019

Journal of Daylighting

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This paper presents an underwater adjustable focus solar concentrator, which is composed of a piece of transparent elastic membrane and a hollow cylindrical-like structure. The deformation characteristic of the membrane is simulated in this study. It is found that the membrane is deformed into a sphere under the action of pressure difference. Optical simulation of the concentrator with different deformation ratios is carried out. The results illustrate that both the f-number and the concentration ratio are decreased when the membrane deformation is enlarged. For instance, if the deformation ratio changes from 0.1 to 0.4, the f-number ranges from 20 to 5.6, and the concentration ratio is changed from 440 to 40. The variation of the light receiving rate with the tracking error is also analyzed. The results show that the receiver captures 73% light within the tracking error of 0.6°. Experiments are performed to investigate the energy distribution on the focus and the performance of the underwater photovoltaic system. As a result, when the solar radiation of 590 W/m 2 is achieved, the maximum energy density on the focus decreases from 40 kW/m 2 to about 35.4 kW/m 2 with the deformation ratio ranges from 0.1 to 0.3. In addition, the average output power of about 1.3 W of the gallium arsenide solar cell, having a size of 10×10 mm 2 , is achieved.

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Highly Efficient and Stable Organic Photovoltaic Cells for Underwater Applications

Wang,

Cui,

Wang

et al. 2024

Advanced Materials

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Organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology holds tremendous promise as a sustainable power source for underwater off‐grid systems. However, research on underwater OPV cells is relatively scarce. Here, we address this gap by focusing on the exploration and development of OPV cells specifically designed for underwater applications. An acceptor, named ITO‐4Cl, with excellent water resistance was rationally designed and synthesized. Benefiting from its low energetic disorder and an absorption spectrum well‐suited to the underwater environment, the ITO‐4Cl‐based OPV cell achieves an unprecedented power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 25.6% at a water depth of 1 m. Additionally, under 660 nm laser irradiation, the cell demonstrates a notable PCE of 31.6%, indicating its potential for underwater wireless energy transfer. Due to the mitigation of thermal effects from solar irradiation, the lifetime of the ITO‐4Cl‐based OPV cell exceeds 7000 hours. Additionally, we fabricated a flexible OPV cell that maintains its initial PCE even under exposure to high pressures of 5 MPa. A 32.5 cm2 flexible module achieves an excellent PCE of 17%. Our work fosters a deeper understanding of underwater OPV cells and highlights the promising prospects of OPV cells for underwater applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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High-Bandgap Solar Cells for Underwater Photovoltaic Applications

Cited by 56 publications

References 8 publications

Analysing consequence of solar irradiance on amorphous silicon solar cell in variable underwater environments

Analysing consequence of solar irradiance on amorphous silicon solar cell in variable underwater environments

Optical Characteristic Investigation on an Underwater Adjustable Focus Solar Concentrator with Single-Layer Membrane

Highly Efficient and Stable Organic Photovoltaic Cells for Underwater Applications

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