High atherogenic risk concomitant with elevated HbA1c among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus in North Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease associated with worse clinical presentation. However, the current investigation practices in Ethiopia have limitations to demonstrate the scope of the clinical burden. Hence, this study was aimed at assessing the glycemic status and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk of persons with T2DM using HbA1c and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Method This institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 421 adults with T2DM from September to November 2019. Demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle data were collected through a face-to-face interview. Clinical information was retrieved from medical records whereas anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed using the WHO protocols. Glycemic status was determined using HbA1c and CHD risk assessed using an atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Gaussian variables were expressed using mean and standard deviation (SD), Log-normal variables using geometric mean and 95% CI and non- Gaussian variables using median and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables were summarized using absolute frequencies and percentages. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with glycemic control with a statistical significance set at 5%. Result A total of 195 male and 226 female subjects were involved in this study. The results demonstrated that 77% (324) had HbA1c value ≥7% and 87.2% (367) had high atherogenic risk for CHD. Besides, 57% and 67.9% of persons with T2DM had metabolic syndrome according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the National Cholesterol Education Program—Adult treatment panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria, respectively. About 36.8% had one or more comorbidities. Having healthy eating behavior [AOR 1.95; CI 1.11–3.43] and taking metformin [AOR 4.88; CI 1.91–12.44] were associated with better glycemic outcomes. Conclusion High AIP level concomitant with poor glycemic control indicates increased risk for coronary heart disease among persons with T2DM in Northern Ethiopia.

Exploring the Prevalence and Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Sub-Saharan African Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In these studies, the prevalence of MetS was estimated based on the IDF and/or NCEP-ATP III 2004 criteria. Among the articles, eleven studies reported the prevalence of MetS based on both NCEP-ATP III 2004 and IDF criteria [ 33 , 39 – 41 , 44 – 46 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 54 ], fourteen studies reported based solely on NCEP-ATP III 2004 criteria [ 26 , 27 , 29 – 32 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 43 , 47 , 51 , 53 ], and five studies reported based on IDF criteria alone [ 25 , 28 , 35 , 38 , 48 ]. Additionally, nine studies reported the prevalence of MetS subcomponents based on NCEP-ATP III 2004 criteria [ 26 , 27 , 32 , 36 , 41 – 45 ] and six studies based on IDF criteria [ 25 , 28 , 41 , 44 , 45 , 48 ].…”

Tip 2 Diyabetli Bireylerde Aterojenik Plazma İndeksi ile İlişkili Visseral Adipozite İndekslerinin Değerlendirilmesi

“…While TG and HDL-K levels are appropriate when calculating AIP levels, BMI and WC levels must be used in conjunction with these parameters when calculating VAI levels, and WC and TG must be used when calculating LAP levels (30). When examining the literature, it has been proposed that AIP is a strong predictor of increased cardiovascular risk in people with T2DM (23,(34)(35)(36)(37)(38).…”

Exploring the Prevalence and Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Sub-Saharan African Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In these studies, the prevalence of MetS was estimated based on the IDF and/or NCEP-ATP III 2004 criteria. Among the articles, eleven studies reported the prevalence of MetS based on both NCEP-ATP III 2004 and IDF criteria [32,38,53,39,40,[43][44][45]48,49,51], fourteen studies reported based solely on NCEP-ATP III 2004 criteria [25,26,42,46,50,52,[28][29][30][31]33,35,36,41] and five studies reported based on IDF criteria alone [24,27,34,37,47] . Additionally, nine studies reported the prevalence of MetS subcomponents based on NCEP-ATP III 2004 criteria [25,26,31,35,[40][41][42][43][44] and six studies based on IDF criteria [24,27,40,43,44,47].…”