High Areal Capacity Porous Sn-Au Alloys with Long Cycle Life for Li-ion Microbatteries

Abstract

Long-term stability is one of the most desired functionalities of energy storage microdevices for wearable electronics, wireless sensor networks and the upcoming internet of things. Although Liion microbatteries have become the dominant energy-storage technology for on-chip electronics, the extension of lifetime of these components remains a fundamental hurdle to overcome. Here, we develop an ultra-stable porous anode based on SnAu alloys able to withstand a high specific capacity exceeding 100 µAh cm −2 at 3 C rate for more than 6000 cycles of charge/discharge. Also, this new anode material exhibits low potential (0.2 V versus lithium) and one of the highest specific capacity ever reported at low Crates (7.3 mAh cm −2 at 0.1 C). We show that the outstanding cyclability is the result of a combination of many factors, including limited volume expansion, as supported by density functional theory calculations. This finding opens new opportunities in design of long-lasting integrated energy storage for self-powered microsystems.

Low Temperature Deposition of Highly Cyclable Porous Prussian Blue Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Microbattery

“…[ 34 ] In this regard, we have previously reported on long life cycle SnAu based porous anodes with excellent stability and rate capability for Li‐ion microbattery anodes. [ 45 ] Hence, for the first time, we report on non‐vacuum technology based full Li‐ion battery with porous SnAu anodes and PBA based porous cathode with stable cycling at 0.2 mA cm −2 . Figure a shows the schematic of the all‐porous Li ion battery in stacked configuration.…”

Porous RuOxNySz Electrodes for Microsupercapacitors and Microbatteries with Enhanced Areal Performance

“…The comparison of charge storage ability as a function of applied current (Figure b) indicates the interaction toward H + to be apt for high-power applications, whereas the reaction with Li + is more appealing for high-energy type requirements. The high areal capacity and durability of porous RuO x N y S z in Li + cells make it a promising Li-free microbattery cathode as compared to other reported metal oxide type active materials (Figure c), while its performance as supercapacitor electrode also stands out as the highest ever reported areal capacitance (∼14 F cm –2 ) to the best of our knowledge (Figure d). ,,,,,− …”

“…The high areal capacity and durability of porous RuOxNySz in Li + cells make it a promising Li-free microbattery cathode as compared to other reported metal oxide type active materials (Figure 4c) while its performance as supercapacitor electrode also stands out as the highest ever reported areal capacitance (~14 F cm -2 ) to the best of our knowledge (Figure 4d). 3,33,34,43,44,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] To assess the performance of this electrode material in a microdevice, we created an all-solid-state microsupercapacitor in an interdigitated configuration integrated on a silicon wafer, using a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based electrolyte doped with silicotungstic acid (H4SiW12O40, SiWa) as well as with [EMIM][TFSI] ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl) imide) doped with SiWa. A thin metallic Ti/Au sublayer were first patterned onto an oxidized silicon wafer using conventional photolithography and lift-off techniques.…”

Highly porous scaffolds for Ru-based microsupercapacitor electrodes using hydrogen bubble templated electrodeposition

“…More importantly, this strategy can also be utilized to efficiently construct 3D metallic current collectors on silicon wafers, polymeric substrates and other soft templates by first coating a metallic thin film on them. We have previously showcased their enormous potential in the construction of varied electrode architectures for high power/energy microsupercapacitors [6][7][8] and microbatteries [7,9,10] with superlative performances. The choice of metal, level of porosity as well as thickness of the porous film in the DHBT process are important considerations as they govern the subsequent manipulations that these films can sustain without compromising their mechanical stability and surface area.…”