High‐ and Low‐Angle Normal Fault Activity in a Collisional Orogen: The Northeastern Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera)

Madarieta-Txurruka, Asier; Galindo-Zaldı́var, Jesús; González-Castillo, Lourdes; Peláez, José A.; Ruiz-Armenteros, Antonio M.; Henares, Jesús; Garrido, Ma Selmira; Avilés, Manuel; Gil, Antonio J.

doi:10.1029/2021tc006715

Cited by 16 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 128 publications

(265 reference statements)

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“…The velocity vectors obtained from the CGPS indicate a westward displacement of the sites (Figures 7, 8b, and 8c), however, this does not occur in the same way. Considering NEVA as fixed, PALM shifts to the SW, in a similar direction with respect to the rest of the extension indicators (Figures 1-3, 6d, and 7;Madarieta-Txurruka et al, 2021;Stich et al, 2006). However, LOJA shifts to the W-NW, similarly to the values published by Galindo-Zaldívar et al (2015) between stations GRA1 and LOJA (Figures 1 and 8b).…”

Section: The Active Deformation Of the South-central Betic Cordillera...supporting

confidence: 66%

“…This study includes the reprocessing of gravity data available for the Granada Basin and its immediate vicinity (Figure 4). The database comprises: (a) data collected in the TopoIberia project (Ayala et al, 2016;SIGEOF, 2022), (b) data published by Madarieta-Txurruka et al (2021), and (c) new data obtained in the SE of the basin. The processing begins with the leveling of the different surveys.…”

Section: Gravity Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, LOJA shifts to the W-NW, similarly to the values published by Galindo-Zaldívar et al (2015) between stations GRA1 and LOJA (Figures 1 and 8b). This indicates a westward displacement of the hanging wall block of the Mecina detachment (Galindo-Zaldívar et al, 1996;Madarieta-Txurruka et al, 2021) related to slab-tearing processes (Booth-Rea et al, 2012Mancilla et al, 2015) or roll-back and the westward migration of the Gibraltar Arc (Galindo-Zaldívar et al, 2015;Garate et al, 2015;González-Castillo et al, 2015;Koulali et al, 2011). Meanwhile, a clockwise rotation of σ 3 in LOJA with respect to PALM, and the stress determined from earthquake focal mechanisms could be related to an N-S heterogeneous extension related to the uplift of the central Betic Cordillera and related gravitational collapse affecting the southern Granada Basin, also evidenced by the local elevation near Sierra de la Mora (Figure 8c).…”

Section: The Active Deformation Of the South-central Betic Cordillera...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Faults as Barriers in Confined Seismic Sequences: 2021 Seismicity in the Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera)

et al. 2022

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Fault barriers are key structures for studying seismic hazard in regions of intense brittle deformation. The interaction between fault sets affects their seismogenic behavior, if some of them act as barriers. The Granada Basin, in the Betic Cordillera, is a region affected by shallow brittle deformation, as it was the scenario for the recent Granada 2021 seismic sequence. This seismicity presented a swarm behavior at the beginning of the sequence, followed by mainshock‐aftershock features. Geological and gravity data presented here reveal that the basement is affected by two sets of NW‐SE and NE‐SW normal faults and intensely deformed by vertical NW‐SE joints. Improved relocation of the Granada 2021 seismicity reveals a confined chimney‐shape seismicity caused by the activity of a 2 km long NW‐SE normal fault segment. The confinement of the sequence is associated with the NE‐SW fault set acting as a barrier that restricts the rupture area, limiting the maximum magnitude, and favoring the recurrence of events with smaller magnitude. The chimney‐shape of the seismic sequence suggests that the deformation is propagated vertically to the surface, facilitated by preexisting fractures. The shallow extensional deformation during the uplift of the central Betic Cordillera drove the activity of the local structures obliquely to the regional extensional trends, as evidenced by the seismic sequence. This multidisciplinary study improves the knowledge on the origin of the Granada Basin and underlies the important role of preexisting fractures on fault segmentation and seismic propagation, decreasing the seismic potential of this area.

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Section: The Active Deformation Of the South-central Betic Cordillera...supporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Gravity Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Active Deformation Of the South-central Betic Cordillera...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Faults as Barriers in Confined Seismic Sequences: 2021 Seismicity in the Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera)

et al. 2022

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“…Low-angle normal faults and listric faults with a low angle (dips between 20 and 30 °) can have higher D values than standard normal faults due to their geometries (Morley, 2009;Madarieta-Txurruka et al, 2021). This could skew D/L scaling laws.…”

Section: Geological Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Displacement/Length Scaling Relationships for Normal Faults; a Review, Critique, and Revised Compilation

Lathrop

Jackson²,

Bell³

et al. 2022

Front. Earth Sci.

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The relationship between normal fault displacement (D) and length (L) varies due to numerous factors, including fault size, maturity, basin tectonic history, and host rock lithology. Understanding how fault D and L relate is useful, given related scaling laws are often used to help refine interpretations of often incomplete, subsurface datasets, which has implications for hydrocarbon and low-carbon energy applications. Here we provide a review of D/L scaling laws for normal faults, discuss factors that could influence these relationships, including both geological factors and errors in measurement, and provide a critique of previously published D/L databases. We then present our newly assembled database of 4059 normal faults from 66 sources that include explicit information on: 1) fault length and displacement, 2) host rock lithology, 3) host basin tectonic history, and 4) maturity, as well as fault D and L through time when these data are available. We find an overall scaling law of D = 0.3L0.92, which is similar to previously published scaling equations and that varies in response to the aforementioned geological factors. Our data show that small faults (<1 m length) tend to be over-displaced compared to larger faults, active faults tend to be over-displaced compared to inactive faults, and faults with stiffer host rock lithologies, like igneous and carbonate rocks, tend to be under-displaced with respect to faults within softer, more compliant host rocks, like clastic sedimentary rocks. Our dynamic D/L through time data show that faults follow the hybrid fault growth model, i.e., they initially lengthen, during which time they will appear under-displaced, before accumulating displacement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive, integrated, critical study of D/L scaling laws for normal faults and the factors influencing their growth. These revised relationships can now be utilized for predicting fault length or displacement when only one variable is available and provide the basis for general understanding D/L scaling laws in the context of normal fault growth. This underpinning database is open-access and is available for analysis and manipulation by the broader structural geology community.

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“…Low-angle normal faults and listric faults with a low angle (dips between 20-30 degrees) can have higher D values than standard normal faults due to their geometries (Morley, 2009;Madarieta-Txurruka et al, 2021). This could skew D/L scaling laws.…”

Section: Geological Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Displacement/length scaling relationships for normal faults; a review, critique, and revised compilation

Lathrop¹,

Jackson²,

Bell³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The relationship between normal fault displacement (D) and length (L) varies due to numerous factors, including fault size, maturity, basin tectonic history, and host rock lithology. Understanding how fault D and L relate is useful, given related scaling laws are often used to help refine interpretations of often incomplete, subsurface datasets, which has implications for hydrocarbon and low-carbon energy applications. Here we provide a review of D/L scaling laws for normal faults, discuss factors that could influence these relationships, including both geological factors and errors in measurement, and provide a critique of previously published D/L databases. We then present our newly assembled database of 4035 normal faults from 64 sources that include explicit information on: (i) fault length and displacement, (ii) host rock lithology, (iii) host basin tectonic history, and (iv) maturity, as well as fault D and L through time when these data are available. We find an overall scaling law of D=0.3L0.92, which is similar to previously published scaling equations and that varies in response to the aforementioned geological factors. Our data show that small faults (<1 m length) tend to be over-displaced compared to larger faults, active faults tend to be over-displaced compared to inactive faults, and faults with stiffer host rock lithologies, like volcanic and carbonate rocks, tend to be under-displaced with respect to faults within softer, more compliant host rocks, like clastic sedimentary rocks. Our dynamic D/L through time data show that faults follow the hybrid fault growth model, i.e., they initially lengthen, during which time they will appear under-displaced, before accumulating displacement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive, integrated, critical study of D/L scaling laws for normal faults and the factors influencing their growth. These revised relationships can now be utilized for predicting fault length or displacement when only one variable is available and provide the basis for general understanding D/L scaling laws in the context of normal fault growth. This underpinning database is open-access and is available for analysis and manipulation by the broader structural geology community.

show abstract

High‐ and Low‐Angle Normal Fault Activity in a Collisional Orogen: The Northeastern Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera)

Cited by 16 publications

References 128 publications

The Role of Faults as Barriers in Confined Seismic Sequences: 2021 Seismicity in the Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera)

The Role of Faults as Barriers in Confined Seismic Sequences: 2021 Seismicity in the Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera)

Displacement/Length Scaling Relationships for Normal Faults; a Review, Critique, and Revised Compilation

Displacement/length scaling relationships for normal faults; a review, critique, and revised compilation

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