High Altitude Adaptation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Tibetan Horse Based on the Mitochondrial Genome

Xu, Shuqing; Luosang, Jiangbai; Shi, Hua; He, Jian; Asan, Ciren; Wang, Wei; Tong, Xiaomei; Liang, Yu; Wang, Jian; Zheng, Xiaoguang

doi:10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60081-2

Cited by 90 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The nucleotide composition (32.2% A, 28.5% C, 13.4% G, 25.9% T) is biased towards A-T content (58.1%), which is consistent with other horse breeds mitochondrial genomes [5,10,11]. The length of mitochondrial genome of Jianchang horse were shorter than that from Swedish horse (16,660 bp), and longer than that from Naqu Tibetan horse (16592 bp) [12]. There are variable numbers of 8 bp repeat fragments (ACCTGTGC) in control region among the breeds.…”

Section: Characters Of Jianchang Horse's Mitochondrial Genomesupporting

confidence: 82%

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chinese Jianchang Horse (Equus caballus)

Xiao¹,

Yang²

2015

Clon Transgen

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The Jianchang horse is a small horse breed that is popular in China, particularly in the southwest regions of China. The Jianchang horse breed is from the mountainous regions of Liangshan in the Sichuan Province, and has excellent mountainous adaptation when compared to other horses. It was domesticated to fulfill local people's needs for riding and transport across mountainous regions over 1000 years ago.Jianchang horses are well known to be quiet, hardy, powerful, and not vulnerable to environmental stress, these attribute to work effortlessly in the mountainous regions of China. As shown in Figure 1, it is typically small with an average height of 110 cm to 120 cm and a weight of 180 kg to 250 kg. It has small ears and head, long and dense bristle, and caudal seta and mane. It has a sloped croup, slender but well-developed legs, and hard hooves. Its hair is mainly in the bay color, but other colors like black appear occasionally [1].The sequence diversity of the mtDNA control region has been used for analyzing the origin and diversification of domestic horses [2][3][4]. It is widely believed that horses were domesticated from one or several ancestral horse populations [5][6][7]. However, information on its origin and evolution is still limited. In this study, we generate complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Jianchang horse and the complete mtDNA mitochondrial genome was used for phylogenetical analysis. The diversity and origin of the domestic horses in China by mtDNA D-loop have been reported [8]. However, the mtDNA D-loop sequence was not fully show the diversity and origin of the Jianchang horse breeds in the southwest regions of China. It is the first time that molecular evidences were provided for the origin of the Jianchang horse population. AbstractThe Jianchang horse (Equus caballus), a famous breed in the southwest regions of China, has excellent mountainous adaptation. The domestic Jianchang horse is popular in China, but information on its origin and evolution is still limited. In this study, we generate complete mitochondrial genome sequences of Jianchang horse. It is 16,614 bp in length, containing 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and and a noncoding control region (D-loop region). And it was found to be similar to other horse mitochondrial genomes. However, there were 105 nucleotide substitutions in the 13 protein-coding genes. The phylogenetic tree analysis was shown that Jianchang horse was significantly clustered as the clade with Debao and Yunnan horse. This genomic data provides useful information for further studies on the genetic diversity and origin of the Jianchang horse population.

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Section: Characters Of Jianchang Horse's Mitochondrial Genomesupporting

confidence: 82%

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chinese Jianchang Horse (Equus caballus)

Xiao¹,

Yang²

2015

Clon Transgen

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“…We first compared the 16 complete mitochondrial sequences characterized here (SI Appendix, section S5.1) with complete mitochondrial sequences from 27 ancient and 78 present-day horses (14,18,(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic inference showed that the Yakutian mitochondrial haplotypes of specimens Yak1-Yak7, Yak9, and CGG101397 are closely related to the mitochondrial haplotypes of domesticated breeds (SI Appendix, Figs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis for their fast adaptation to subarctic environments

Librado

Sarkissian

Ermini

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

144

114

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Yakutia, Sakha Republic, in the Siberian Far East, represents one of the coldest places on Earth, with winter record temperatures dropping below −70°C. Nevertheless, Yakutian horses survive all year round in the open air due to striking phenotypic adaptations, including compact body conformations, extremely hairy winter coats, and acute seasonal differences in metabolic activities. The evolutionary origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis of their adaptations remain, however, contentious. Here, we present the complete genomes of nine present-day Yakutian horses and two ancient specimens dating from the early 19th century and ∼5,200 y ago. By comparing these genomes with the genomes of two Late Pleistocene, 27 domesticated, and three wild Przewalski's horses, we find that contemporary Yakutian horses do not descend from the native horses that populated the region until the mid-Holocene, but were most likely introduced following the migration of the Yakut people a few centuries ago. Thus, they represent one of the fastest cases of adaptation to the extreme temperatures of the Arctic. We find cisregulatory mutations to have contributed more than nonsynonymous changes to their adaptation, likely due to the comparatively limited standing variation within gene bodies at the time the population was founded. Genes involved in hair development, body size, and metabolic and hormone signaling pathways represent an essential part of the Yakutian horse adaptive genetic toolkit. Finally, we find evidence for convergent evolution with native human populations and woolly mammoths, suggesting that only a few evolutionary strategies are compatible with survival in extremely cold environments. The Yakutian horse is the most northerly distributed horse on the planet and certainly the most resistant to cold. In contrast to SignificanceYakutia is among the coldest regions in the Northern Hemisphere, showing ∼40% of its territory above the Arctic Circle. Native horses are particularly adapted to this environment, with body sizes and thick winter coats minimizing heat loss. We sequenced complete genomes of two ancient and nine present-day Yakutian horses to elucidate their evolutionary origins. We find that the contemporary population descends from domestic livestock, likely brought by early horse-riders who settled in the region a few centuries ago. The metabolic, anatomical, and physiological adaptations of these horses therefore emerged on very short evolutionary time scales. We show the relative importance of regulatory changes in the adaptive process and identify genes independently selected in cold-adapted human populations and woolly mammoths.

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“…In addition, all the 150 complete mtDNA genome sequences available from literature [NC_001640 (Xu and Arnason, 1994); EF597512-14 (Xu et al, 2007); AP012267-70 (Goto et al, 2011); EU939445 (Jiang et al, 2011); HQ439441-500 (Lippold et al, 2011);and JN398377-457 (Achilli et al, 2012)] were used to obtain more reliable and informative HVS-I patterns of sites defining haplogroups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial DNA lineages of Italian Giara and Sarcidano horses

et al. 2014

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High Altitude Adaptation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Tibetan Horse Based on the Mitochondrial Genome

Cited by 90 publications

References 29 publications

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chinese Jianchang Horse (Equus caballus)

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chinese Jianchang Horse (Equus caballus)

Tracking the origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis for their fast adaptation to subarctic environments

Mitochondrial DNA lineages of Italian Giara and Sarcidano horses

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