High activation of apatite-coated titanium dioxide using heat treatment

Effect of ultrasonic-induced selenium crystallization behavior during selenium reduction

“…The factors that promote crystallization are temperature [15] , [16] , optical radiation [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , chemical catalysis [22] , mechanical strain [23] , [24] , current stimulation [25] , electron and ion bombardment [26] , [27] , [28] , and external fields [29] , [30] . The effect of ultrasound on the crystallization process is mainly through the cavitation effect that drives the reversible reaction of dissolution–crystallization toward crystallization, thereby enhancing the primary and secondary nucleation processes of the system [31] , [32] , [33] .…”